1839] of the country extending between Bhar and Simla. 1051 



rests is also almost entirely composed of clay slate, dipping to the 

 south east under an angle of 25°. In Section No. III. we have 

 given a view of the strata extending from Dr. Macleod's house, at the 

 foot of Jacko, immediately above the bazar, to Lord Auckland's 

 Road. 



The clay slate varies in colour from bluish black to ash grey, 

 with the various intermediate tints. In structure, it varies from 

 rather earthy to highly crystalline, and in its transitions we have 

 it passing, as in Simla valley, into chlorite slate; in other places, as in 

 the Auckland Road, into quartz rock, the latter of which frequently 

 alternates with it, in thin layers, forming mica slate. In composition, 

 as already stated, it frequently consists of nothing but mica. In the 

 section of the Auckland Road, we meet with a iarge mass of slaty 

 quartz rock, formed by thin layers of clay slate alternating with the 

 quartz rock ; in fact it is almost identically the same in mineraiogical 

 characters, as the rock met with in the Lockken district in Kirkcud- 

 bright, Scotland ; from the first time we examined this section we 

 were instantly struck with the identity, which a further examination 

 fully verified, of the induration and alternation of the clay slate in 

 junction with quartz rock; we have a beautiful example at the 

 first water- fall below Simla. Here there are large masses of quartz, 

 forming dykes of many yards in thickness in the clay slate, whose grey- 

 ish white colour contrast finely with the dark bluish colour of the lat- 

 ter rock. The fall is a perpendicular height of about 140 feet, over 

 which, during the rainy season, a very considerable body of water 

 is precipitated, forming an interesting sight, well worthy of the atten- 

 tion of the traveller ; with Dr. Macleod we also visited and examined 

 the other water-fall, some distance below the one mentioned, and 

 found the rocks, &c. to be similar. In tracing the strata in the bed of 

 the river from it towards Simla, we meet with many junctions, and it 

 is here we find the clay slate passing into chlorite slate. The rolled 

 masses, or boulders, principally consist of quartz rock, syenite, clay 

 slate, chlorite slate, &c. In a valley bearing north and by east from 

 Anandale, there is a quarry of clay slate, which is used as a roof- 

 ing material for many of the houses in Simla, the rouge, huge, thick 

 and unshapely masses employed are quite in unison with the minera- 

 iogical operations carried on in other parts of India ; in fact it is quite 

 remarkable that the beams are able to support the enormous weight 

 superimposed. We have already stated that no where in the immedi- 

 ate neighbourhood of Simla is grey wacke to be met with ; but as 

 we proceed northward towards Kotgur, about one and a half miles, we 



