A NEW 

 GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL^ 



AND 



COMMERCIAL GRAMMAR 



AND PRESENT STATE OF THE 



SEVERAL KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD. 



CONTAINING, 



1. The Figures, Motions, and Distance* of the 

 Planets, according to the Newtonian System, 

 and the latest Observations. 



S. A general View of the Earth, considered as a 

 Planet ; with several useful Geographical Defi- 

 nitions and Problems. 



3. The grand Divisions of the Globe into Land and 

 Water, Continents, and Islands. 



4. The Situation and Extent of Empires, King- 

 doms, States, Provinces, and Colonies. 



5. Their Climate, Air, Soil, Vegetable Productions, 

 Metals. Minerals, Natural Curiosities, Seas, Ri- 

 vers, Bays, Capes, Promontories, and Lakes. 



6. The Birds and Beasts peculiar to each Coun- 

 try. 



7. Observations on the Changes that have beeri 

 any where observed upon the Face of Nature^ 

 since the most early Periods of History. 



8. The History and origin of Nations, their Forms 

 of Government, Religion, Laws, Revenues, 

 Taxes, Naval and Military Strength, Orders of 

 Knighthood, &c. 



9. The Genius, Manners, Customs, and Habits of 

 the People. 



10. 'J heir Language. Learning, Arts, Sciences,Ma« 

 nufactures, and Commerce. 



U. The Chief Cities, Structures, Rains, and Artifi- 

 cial Curiosities. 



12. The Longitude, Latitude, Bearings, and Dis , >. 

 tancra of principal places from London. 



TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 



1. A GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX, WITH THE NAMES OF PLACES ALPHABETICALLY 



ARRANGED. 2. A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF REMARKABLE EVENTS, 



FROM THE CREATION TO THE PRESENT TIME. 3. A LIST 



OF MEN OF LEARNING AND SCIENCE. 



BY WILLIAM GUTHRIE, ESQ. 



THE ASTRONOMICAL PART BY JAMES FERGUSON, F. R. S> 



TO WHICH HAVE BEEN ADDED 

 THE LATE DISCOVERIES OF DR. HERSCHEL,AND OTHER EMINENT ASTRONOMER^ 



ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTYEIGHT CORRECT MAP& 



THE SECOND AMERICAN EDITION IMPROVED. 



IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. 1 



PHILADELPHIA: 



PUBLISHED BY JOHNSON & WARNER, AND FOR SALE AT THED3 BOOK STORES 

 IN PHILADELPHIA, AND RICHMOND VIRGINIA, 



