SCOTLAND. 295 



him into a fit of illness, of which he soon after died, on the 1 4th of 

 December, 1542. 



His daughter and successor, Mary, was but a few hours old at the 

 lime of her father's death. Her beauty, her misconduct, and her 

 misfortunes, are alike famous in history. It is sufficient here to say, 

 that during her minority, and while she was wife to Francis II, of 

 France, the reformation advanced in Scotland ; that being called to 

 the throne of her ancestors while a widow, she married her own cou- 

 sin-german, the lord Darnley, whose untimely death has given rise to 

 so much controversy. The consequence of her husband's death, and 

 of her marriage with Bothwell, who was considered as his murderer, 

 was an insurrection of her subjects, from whom she fled into Eng- 

 land, where she was ungenerously detained a prisoner for eighteen 

 years, and afterwards,' on motives of state policy, beheaded, by queen 

 Elizabeth, in 1587, in the forty-sixth year of her age. 



Mary's son, James VI, of Scotland, succeeded, in right of his 

 blood, from Henry VII, upon the death of queen Elizabeth, to the 

 English crown, after manifesting considerable abilities in the govern- 

 ment of Scotland. This union of the two crowns, in fact, destroyed 

 the independency, as it impoverished the people of Scotland : for, the 

 seat of government being removed to England, their trade was 

 checked, their agriculture neglected, and their gentry obliged to 

 seek for. situations in other countries. James, after a splendid but 

 troublesome reign over his three kingdoms, left them, in 1625, to 

 his son, the unfortunate Charles I. That prince, by his despotic 

 principles and conduct, induced both his Scottish and English sub- 

 jects to take up arms against him ; and, indeed, it was in Scotland 

 that the sword was first drawn against Charles. But when the royal 

 party was totally defeated in England, the king put himself into the 

 power of the Scottish army ; they at first treated him with respect, 

 but afterwards delivered him up to the English parliament, on con- 

 dition of their paying 400,000 pounds to the Scots, which was said to 

 be due to them for arrears. However, the Scots afterwards made 

 several bloody but unsuccessful attempts to restore his son, Charles 

 II. That prince was finally defeated by Cromwell, at the battle of 

 Worcester, in 1651 ; after which, to the time of his restoration, the 

 commonwealth of England and the protector gave law to Scotland. 



The state of parties in England, at the accession of queen Anne, 

 was such, that the Whigs once more had recourse to the Scots, and 

 offered them their own terms, if they would agree to the incorporate 

 union as it now stands. It was long before the majority of the Scotch 

 parliament would listen to the proposal ; but, at last, partly from con- 

 viction, and partly through the effects of money distributed among 

 the needy nobility, it was agreed to ; since which event, the history/ 

 of Scotland becomes the same with that of England, 



