FRANCE. 34T 



before the house of peers, which alone has the power of trying them* 

 They can be prosecuted only for treason or extortion. -.;. 



Ail justice emanates from the king. It is administered in his 

 name, by judges whom he, appoints and establishes. The judges ap- 

 pointed by tbe king are irremoveable. The justices of the peace, al- 

 though appointed by the king, are not irremoveable. No one can 

 bt withdrawn from his natural judges. There cannot, of consequence, 

 be created commissions and extraordinary tribunals. The jurisdic- 

 tion ot provost marsnal is not comprised under this denomination, if 

 the establishment of them be judged necessary. The discussions 

 are public in criminal matters, at least when that publicity is not 

 dangerous to order and good morals, and in this case the tribunal 

 declares it by a decree. The institution of juries is preserved. 

 The king has the right of granting pardons, and of commuting pe- 

 nalties. 



Laws. ...With respect to the judicial administration of the country, 

 the iaws are grounded on the Roman, or civil and particular local 

 customs. Each district has a primary judicial tribunal, and each de- 

 partment a criminal tribunal. Every three departments possess a 

 tribunal of appeal, which takes cognizance by appeal of all the causes 

 determined by the tribunals of the districts under its jurisdiction. 

 Each canton has a justice of the peace. All the tribunals of appeal 

 acknowledge a superior tribunal, called the court of cassation, pos- 

 sessing the power of annulling the sentences of the tribunals of ap- 

 peal which appear to it illegal, and of referring the examination of 

 the cause to any other tribunal it shall please to appoint. 



Revenue. ...The revenue in the year 1788, before the revolution, 

 was 2o millions and a half sterling ; and its ordinary expenditure ex- 

 ceeded the revenue five millions and a half. 



The extraordinary expenses of the war carried on by the republic 

 were principally defrayed by the seizure of church lands, confisca- 

 tions, requisitions and contributions imposed on the conquered coun- 

 tries, which are very different from permanent revenue. 



In the year 1797, Gilbert, a member of the council of five hun- 

 dred, stated the revenue for the 6th year at 479,593,579 livres, or 

 19,980,000/. sterling. 



On the 13th of October, 1799, the executive directory sent a mes- 

 sage to the council of five hundred, stating the amount of the receipts 

 of the 7th year of the republic at 476,000,000 livres, or somewhat 

 above 19,800,000/. sterling. The expenses of the year they stated, 

 at the same time, at 726,000,000 livres, or 30,250,000/. sterling. 



The annual contributions charged on the one hundred and two de- 

 partments, for land tax, tax on moveables and sumptuary, houses and 

 windows, additional hundredths, &c. amounted, according to the last 

 official statements, to 351,438,997 livres, or 14,643,291/. 



Army and navy. ...The peace establishment of the army, for the 

 year 1792, was 1 11,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, and 11,000 artillery; 

 in the whole 152,000 men. But when the allied powers made war on 

 the French, the number of forces the latter brought into the field al- 

 most exceeds belief. In the year 1798, they had 780,000 men in arms r 

 The military establishment of France, in the beginning of the yea': 

 i802, war-;, 



