GERMANY. 435 



and one of the six gates of this city is called the Scots' gate, in 

 remembrance of some notable exploit performed there by the troops 

 of that nation. The inhabitants of Vienna, including the suburbs, 

 amounted in the year 1812 to 250,000 : and the encouragement given 

 by the sovereign has rendered tins city the rendezvous of foreigners. 



The streets, except those in the suburbs, are narrow and dirty. 

 The houses of this city are generally of sione, five or six stories high, 

 and fiat roofed. They have three or four cellars under one another, 

 with an open space in the middle of each arched roof, for the com- 

 munication of air ; and from the lowermost of all there is a tube to 

 the top, to let in air from the streets. The winds often blow so 

 strong, that it is troublesome to walk the streets. A remarkable 

 prerogative of the sovereign here is, that the second floor of every 

 house belongs to him, and is assigned to whomsoever he thinks pro- 

 per : and hence there is no part of Germany where lodging is so dear 

 as at Vienna. An odd custom prevails here of putting iron bars to 

 all the windows, up to the very tops of the houses ; which makes 

 them all look like so many prisons. The houses and furniture of 

 the citizens are greatly disproportioned to the magnificence of the 

 palaces, squares, and other public buildings ; but the excessive 

 imposts laid by the house of Austria upon every commodity in its 

 dominions, must always keep the manufacturing part of its subjects 

 poor. 



Berlin, the capital of the electorate of Brandenburg, and of the 

 dominions of the king of Prussia, is situate on the river Spree, and, 

 besides the royal palace, has many other superb edifices ; it contains 

 fourteen Lutheran and eleven Calvinist churches, besides a Catholic 

 one. Its streets and squares are spacious, and built in a very regular 

 manner ; but the houses, though neat without, are ill finished, and ill 

 furnished within, and very indifferently provided with inhabitants. 

 The king's palace here, and that of prince Henry, are very magnifi- 

 cent buildings. The opera house is also a beautiful structure : and 

 the arsenal, which is handsomely built, in the form of a square, con- 

 tains arms for 200,000 men. There are sundry manufactures in Berlin, 

 and several schools, libraries, and charitable foundations. The num- 

 ber of its inhabitants, according to Busching, in 1755, was 126,661, 

 including the garrison. In the same year, and according to the same 

 author, there were no fewer than 443 silk looms, 149 of half silks, 

 2858 for woollen stuffs, 453 for cotton, 248 for linen, 454 for lace-work, 

 39 frames for silk stockings, and 310 for worsted ones. In the year 

 1804, the number of inhabitants was 156,664, exclusive of the soldiers 

 of the garrison, and their wives and children. They have here manu- 

 factures of tapestry, gold and silver lace, and mirrors. 



Dresden, the capital of the elector of Saxony, is remarkable for its 

 fortifications, palaces, public buildings, churches, and charitable 

 foundations ; it is beautifully situated on both sides of the Elbe, and 

 is the school of Germany for statuary, painting, enamelling and carv- 

 ing ; not to mention its mirrors, and founderies for bells and cannon, 

 and its foreign commerce carried on by means of the Elbe. The 

 inhabitants of Dresden, by the latest accounts, are computed to amount 

 to about 60,000. 



The electorate of Saxony i3 by nature the richest country in Ger- 

 many, if not in Europe ; it contains 2 1 walled towns, 6 1 market towns, 

 and about 3000 villages, according to the latest accounts of the Ger- 

 mans themselves (to which, however, we are not to give an implicit 



