470 GALLICIA AND LODOMERIA. 



fashion, of both sexes, affect the French or English modes. As to 

 the peasants, in winter they wear a sheep's-skin with the wool in- 

 wards, and in summer a thick coarse cloth ; but as to linen, they wear 

 none. Their boots are the rinds of trees wrapped about their legs, 

 with the thicker parts to guard the soles of their feet. 



Cities, chief towns. ...Lemberg, or Leopol, is the capital of Gal- 

 licia, and the seat of the Austrian government of East Gallicia. It is 

 a large and opulent city, situate on the Peltew, which soon after falls 

 into the Bug. It is the see of a Roman-catholic archbishop, and also 

 of a Greek bishop and an Armenian bishop. It is defended by two 

 castles, has a cathedral, and contained in 1808 about 50,000 inhabi- 

 tants. Brody is a commercial town, with a fortified castle, and 21,000 

 inhabitants, one-third of whom are Jews. Lublin carries on a con- 

 siderable trade in cloth, corn, and Hungarian wines. Three annual 

 fairs are held here, which are frequented by Russian, Turkish, Greek, 

 and Armenian merchants. Chelm, and Luckow, both bishops' sees, 

 are likewise among the principal towns of East Gallicia 



Cracow is the seat of the Austrian government of West Gallicia ; 

 and was anciently the capital of the kingdom of Poland. The city 

 and suburbs are of great extent, but do not now contain more than 

 25,000 inhabitants. It is the see of a bishop, and a university. Here 

 is a magnificent cathedral, in which the kings of Poland were crown- 

 ed, and an ancient and strongly fortified castle, which was the resi- 

 dence of those sovereigns before they removed their court to War- 

 saw. Sendomir, situate on an eminence near the Vistula, is another 

 considerable town of West Gallicia. It is well fortified both by nature 

 and art, and its delightful situation rendered it the favourite residence 

 of Casimir the Great, and other kings of Poland. 



Warsaw, the late capital of Poland, will be described in our account 

 ©f Prussia, to which monarchy it now appertains. 



Manufactures, commerce. ...The manufactures of Gallicia are 

 not very considerable, and are confined to articles of immediate 

 necessity. They are however greatly favoured by the Austrian 

 government, and are increasing and improving. The commerce of 

 this country is principally carried on by the Jews. Salt is the most 

 important article of the exports, which consist besides of corn, tobacco, 

 cattle, wool, skins, tallow, bristles, honey, and wax. 



Government, and ancient constitution of poland. ..Gallicia, 

 as making a part of the Austrian dominions, is now necessarily under 

 an absolute monarchical government. The old constitution of Poland 

 differed little from aristocracy : hence it has been called a kingdom 

 and commonwealth. The king was head of the republic, and was 

 elected by the nobility and clergy in the plains of Warsaw. They 

 elected him on horseback ; and in case there should be a refractory 

 minority, the majority had no control over them but to cut them in 

 pieces with their sabres ; but if the minority were sufficiently strong, 

 a civil war ensued. Immediately after his election, he signed the 

 pacta conventa of the kingdom, by which he engaged that the crown 

 should be elective ; that his successor should be appointed during his 

 life ; that the diets should be assembled every two years ; that every 

 noble or gentleman in the realm should have a vote in the diet of 

 election ; and that, in case the king should infringe the laws and 

 privileges of the nation, his subjects should be absolved from their 

 allegiance. In fact, the king was no more than president of the 

 senate, which was composed of the primate, the archbishop of Lenv 



