472 GALLICIA AND LODGMERIA. 



Lemberg, as mentioned above, is an archbishopric ; the bishoprics 

 are Cracow, Chelm,and Luckow. 



In the late kingdom of Poland were two archbishoprics, Gnesna 

 and Lemberg. The archbishop of the former was primate, and always 

 a cardinal. During an interregnum he acted as regent of the king- 

 dom. Gnesna is now in the territory of Prussia. 



Literature. ...Though Copernicus, the great restorer of the true 

 astronomical system, Vorstius, and some other learned men, were 

 natives of Poland, yet many circumstances in this country are far from 

 being favourable to learning. Latin is spoken, though incorrectly, 

 by the common people in some parts. But the contempt which the 

 nobility, who place their chief importance in the privileges of their 

 rank, have ever shown for learning ; the servitude of the lower peo- 

 ple ; and the universal superstition among all ranks of them, have 

 wonderfully retarded, and, notwithstanding the liberal efforts of his 

 late majesty, still continue to retard, the progress of letters in this 

 kingdom. However, of late, a taste for science has spread itself 

 among the nobles, and begins to be regarded as an accomplishment. 



Universities ...The university of Cracow was founded in 1364, 

 It consists of eleven colleges, and had the superintendance of 14 

 grammar schools dispersed through the city. The number of stu- 

 dents in 1778 amounted to 600. Of the other two universities of 

 Poland, Wilna, and Posna or Posen ; the former has become subject 

 to Russia, and the latter to Prussia. 



Language. ...The native language of this country is the Polish : 

 the German, however, is understood in many parts of it ; and, as 

 above observed, an impure and incorrect Latin is also in use. The 

 Polish language is a dialect of the Slavonic ; it is harsh and unhar- 

 monious, from the great number of consonants it employs. 



The Lord's prayer in Polish is as follows : 



Oycze nass ktory na niebiesiech iestes ; niech sie sivieci imie InvGie s 

 niech firzyidzie ono krolestivo twoie, niech sie stanie ona nvola twoia iako 

 u niebie tak y na ziemi. C/ileba nassego onego fiovvssedniego day nam 

 dzisia, y odfiuse nam nasse winy, iako y my od fiussczamy winonuaycom 

 nassym ; y nie u ivodz nas u jiokussenie; ale ivyrwinas od onego slego : 

 iz tivoie iest krolestivo, y moc, y chiuala na wieki. Amen. 



History... .As the whole of this country was a part of the late king- 

 dom of Poland, its history will necessarily be included in the history 

 of Poland, a summary of which we shall here give. 



Poland, in ancient times, was possessed by the Vandals, who were 

 afterwards partly expelled by the Russ and Tartars. It was divided 

 into many small states or principalities, each almost independent of 

 the other, though they generally had some prince who was para- 

 mount over the rest. In the year 700, the people, through the op- 

 pression of their petty chiefs, gave the supreme command, under the 

 title of duke, to Cracus, the founder of the city of Cracow. His pos- 

 terity failing, in the year 830, a peasant, named Piastus, was elected 

 to the ducal dignity. He lived to the age of 120 years ; and his reign 

 was so long and auspicious, that every native Pole who has since 

 Been elected king is called a Piast. From this period till the acces- 

 sion of Micislaus II, in 964, we have no very certain records of the 

 history of Poland. The title of duke was retained till the year 999, 

 when Boleslaus assumed the title of king, and conquered Moravia, 

 Prussia, and Bohemia, making them tributary to Poland. Bolesla^ 

 II, added Red Russia to Poland, by marrying the heiress of that 



