548 SPAIN. 



on the 1st of November. They however left it on the 4th, and a Sp& 

 nish force took possession. About this time the Spanish cortes ap- 

 pointed lord Wellington generalissimo, and commander in chief, of 

 the armies of Spain. The affairs of the north, now compelled Bona- 

 parte to recall Soult, with the best of his troops, into France, and the 

 army, thus weakened, again resumed a defensive posture. The allied 

 army advanced upon them, and Suchet retreated rapidly, but in good 

 order, to Burgos. He destroyed the works in that citadel, and passed 

 on. Having united with Joseph Bonaparte, he made a stand at Vitto- 

 ria on the 19th of June 1813. On the 21st the battle of Vittoria was 

 fought, and the French were driven from all their positions, and pur- 

 sued by the British into France. On the 13th of July Soult arrived at 

 Bayonne, having been reappointed to the command. The line of the 

 aliied army, stationed in the passes of the Pyrenees, was forced on 

 the 24th, and the French again entered Spain. On the 27th and 28th, 

 Soult attacked lord Wellington's right, and after various success, was 

 repulsed with loss. On the 3uth he attacked the left, under sir Row- 

 land Hill, which he succeeded in turning, and established himself in. 

 their position. On the 3 1st, lord Wellington attacked in his turn, and 

 regained the lost position. The French were driven beyond the Pu- 

 erto. On the 2d of August they were again attacked, and on the 4th. 

 were once more in France. On the 30th San Sebastian was taken by 

 storm. On the 7th of October, the allies commenced crossing the 

 Bidassoa, and storming the French works on that river. These opera- 

 tions occupied several days, but were finally successful. The French, 

 now occupied a strong position in front of St Jean de Luz. Here they 

 were again attacked on the 10th, and pursued to their entrenched 

 camp before Bayonne. The surrender of Pampeluna on the 31st, put 

 an end to the French invasion of Spain, and the remaining hostile ope- 

 rations were transacted within the territory of France. 



Bonaparte, seeing all his projects of family aggrandizement thus 

 dissipated, and feeling his own throne to tremble beneath him, re- 

 solved, if possible, to convert the hostile Spaniards into friends. 

 With this view, he formed a treaty with Ferdinand, in which he 

 guaranteed to the latter his kingdom, upon condition of his sending 

 the English and Portuguese out of Spain, and withdrawing the 

 Spaniards from France. Ferdinand despatched a copy of this treaty to 

 the cortes for ratification ; but they immediately passed a decree, 

 by which all the acts of the king were made nugatory, not only while 

 he remained in the power of Bonaparte, but until he had taken the 

 oaths prescribed by the new constitution. They appointed persons to 

 receive him, and forbid his being accompanied by any Frenchmen, or 

 partisans of Bonaparte, on his entrance into Spain. All their precau- 

 tions were however in vain. Ferdinand was received by the people 

 with enthusiasm ; and confident of their support, he adopted the most 

 violent measures. He refused to sign the constitution. He declared 

 all the acts of the cortes null and illegal, and themselves to be 

 a band of traitors ; and worst of all, he re-established the inquisition. 

 Many of the leaders of the cortes, with the editors of the constitution- 

 al papers, were imprisoned, and some of them even condemned to 

 death. Whether these tyrannical measures will be tamely submitted 

 to, or whether they will be productive of another revolution, remains 

 yet to be decided. 



