PORTUGAL. 557 



considerable body of troops, who were chieBy disciplined by foreign 

 officers ; but after chat period the army was again neglected, no pro- 

 per encouragement being given to foreign officers, and little attention 

 paid to the discipline of the troops, until the fresh invasion by France 

 in 1807. Tue army was then re-organized by the British, and under 

 their guidance, acquired great credit in the course of the war. In 

 1803 tne regular army consisted of 50,000 men, the militia of 30,000. 

 Ai the commencement of the last war, the army did not, nowever, 

 exceed 25,000. At present, the Portuguese troops are so intermixed 

 with those of England and Spain, that it is impossible to ascertain 

 their numoer. The naval force of this kingdom consists of 13 ships 

 of the line, of from 74 to 8u guns ; 14 frigates, of from 36 to 40 guns; 

 10 sloops of war and 2 scnooners ; manned by 12,000 seamen and 

 marines. 



Royal titles.. .The king's titles are, King of Portugal and the 

 Algarves, on this and on the other side ot the sea in Africa, Lord 

 of Guinea, and of the conquest, navigation, and commerce of Ethiopia, 

 Arabia, Persia, and Brasil. John V, was complimented by the pope, 

 with the title of his Most Faithful Majesty. The title of the heir ap- 

 parent is Prince of Brasil : and that of his eldest son, Prince of Beira. 

 The rest of the princes of the blood-royal are called Infante. 



Arms ...The arms of Portugal are, argent, five escutcheons, azure, 

 placed cross-wise, each charged with as many besants as the first, 

 placed saltier-wise, and pointed, sable, for Portugal. The shield 

 bordered, gules, charged with seven towers, or, three in chief, and 

 two in each flanch- The supporters are two winged dragons, and the 

 crest a dragon, or, under the two flanches, and the base of the shield 

 appears at the end of it ; two crosses, the first fleur-de-iis, vert, which 

 is for the order of Aviez, and the second patee, gules, lor the order 

 of Christ; the motto is changeable, each king assuming a new one; 

 but is frequently these words, pro Rege et Grege, " For the King and 

 the P. opie." 



Nobility and orders ...The titles and distinctions of the nobility 

 are much the same as those of Spain. The orders of knighthood are 

 three ; 1. That of Avis or Aviez, first instituted by Aiphonsus Henri- 

 quez king of Portugal, in the year 1147, as a military and religious 

 order, on account of his taking Evora from the Moors. In 1213 it 

 was subject to the order of Calatrava, in Spain; but when Don John 

 of Portugal seized the crown, he made it again independent. 2. The 

 " Order of St. James," instituted by Dennis I, king of Portugal, in 

 the year 1310, supposing that under that saint's protection he became 

 victorious over the Moors ; and he endowed it with great privileges. 

 The knights profess chastity, hospitality, and obedience, and none are 

 admitted till they prove the gentility of their blood. Their ensign is 

 a red sword, the habit white, and their principal convent is at Dalmela. 

 3. The " Order of Christ" was instituted in the year 1317, by Dennis 

 I, of Portugal, to engage the nobility to assist him more powerfully 

 2gainst the Moors. The knights obtained great possessions, and 

 elected their grandmaster, till 1522, when pope Adrian VI, conferred 

 that office on John III, and his successors to the crown of Portugal. 

 These orders have small commanderies and revenues annexed to 

 them, but are in little esteem. The " Order of Malta" has likewise 

 twenty-two commanderies in Portugal. 



Religion. ...The established religion of Portugal is popery, in the 

 strictest sense. The Portuguese have a patriarch ; but formerly he 



