574, ITALY. 



provinces of Cremasco, Bergamasco, Bresciano, and a part of the Ve- 

 ronese, as far as the Adige ; the three legations of the ecclesiastical 

 state, Bologna, Ferara, and Romagna, and the late subjects of the 

 Grisons, Bormio, the Valteline, and Claevers. It is bounded on the 

 ndrth by Switzerland and the county of Tyrol ; on the east by the 

 duchy of Venice and the Adriatic Sea ; on the south by the kingdom 

 of Etruria, Lucca, and the ecclesiastical state ; and on the west by 

 Piedmont. It is divided into thirteen departments, viz. Agogna, La- 

 rio, Milan, Serio, Mella, Upper Po, Mencia, Crostolo, Panaro, Lower 

 Po, Reno, Rubicon, Verono. The country is in general extremely 

 fertile and productive. Milan, the capital and seat of government, is 

 situate in a plain between the rivers Adda and Tesino. It is a strong 

 city, with a citadel, and a magnificent cathedral in the Gothic taste, 

 adorned, it is said, with 4000 statues. It contains about 130,000 inha-» 

 bitants. The other principal cities are Mantua, one of the strongest 

 fortresses in Europe, and containing about 20,000 inhabitants, who 

 boast that Virgil was a native of their country ; Pavia, celebrated for 

 its ancient university, founded by Charlemagne ; Bologna, containing 

 63,000 inhabitants ; Modena, with about 26,000, and 100 churches;' 

 Ferrara, a bishop's see and university ; Ravenna, the capital of the 

 papal legation of Romagna ; and Verona ; of which latter city, how- 

 ever, a small part on the left bank of the Adige appertains to the 

 Austrian Venetian territory. This kingdom rose and fell with Bona- 

 parte. Austria has resumed her portion, and the other sections, have 

 mostly reverted to their former owners. 



When under the government of its own dukes, the duchy of Mi- 

 lan, gave law to all Italy. The revenue of this duchy was above 

 300,000/. annually, which it was supposed might maintain an army of 

 30,000 men. Mantua was also a rich ducliy, which brought to its own 

 dukes an annual revenue of 500,000 crowns. The duchy of Modena 

 (formerly Mutina) before the late revolutions excited by the French 

 in Jtaly, was governed by its own duke, the head of the house of 

 Este,from whom the family of Brunswick descended. The duke was 

 absolute within his own dominions He was under the protection of 

 the house of Austria, and a vassal of the empire. He received, as an 

 indemnity for his duchy, the territories of the Brisgau and the Orte- 

 nau in Germany. 



The republic of Genoa, or the Liguvian republic, is greatly dege- 

 nerated from its ancient power and opulence. The territory is divided 

 into three circles, or districts, called la Riviera di Levante, or eastern 

 coast; la Riviera di Ponente, or western coast; and il Centro, the cen- 

 tre or midland district. Genoa is a most superb city, and contains 

 some very magnificent palaces, particularly those of Doria* and Du- 

 razzo. The inhabitants of distinction dress in black, in a plain, if not 

 an uncouth manner. Their chief manufactures are velvets, damasks, 

 gold and silver tissues, and pnper. The city of Genoa contains about 

 100,000 inhabitants; amoner whom were many rich trading individu- 

 als. Its maritime power is dwindled down to a few galleys. The 

 common people are wretched beyond expression, as is the soil of its 

 territory. Near the sea some parts are tolerably well cultivated. The 



/ 



* Andrew Doria, the head of this family, famous for his military exploits, and the 

 deliverer of Genoa, was born in the territory of Genoa, in the year 1468 ; he was 

 offered the sovereignty of the state, but refused it, and gave to the people that re- 

 publican form of government which subsisted till the late revolution; he lived to 

 the age of ninety-three, the refuge and friend to the unfortunate. 



