5D0 ITALY. 



little resistance) and compelled him to sign a peace on such terms 

 as they thought proper to dictate. He paid a considerable contribu- 

 tion in money ; and consented that such of the most valuable statues 

 and pictures in Rome, as commissioners appointed for that purpose 

 should select, should be carried away, and conveyed to Paris. But 

 about the latter end of December, 1797, a riot happening at Rome, 

 in which the French general Duphot was killed, the French army 

 under general Berthier, marched against that city, entered it with- 

 out resistance, and, on the 15th of February, 1798, the tree of liberty 

 was planted, the papal government abolished, and the Roman people 

 declared by the French commander to have entered on the rights of 

 sovereignty, and to constitute what was termed the Roman republic. 

 On the 20th of March the new constitution was published, and the 

 government declared to be vested in five consuls, composing a direc- 

 tory under the direction of the French general as commander in chief, 

 32 senators, corresponding to the council of ancients in France, and 72 

 tribunes, called the representatives of the people. 



The pope remained in Rome when the French entered it, and suf- 

 fered himself to be made a prisoner by them. They confined him to 

 his own rooms, and put the seal of confiscation on every thing he 

 had ; but in a few days they resolved that he should be sent from 

 Rome, and on the morning of the 20th of February he left that city, 

 accompanied by a body of French cavalry, who escorted him to 

 Sienna in Tuscany ; whence, on the 26th of May, he was removed to 

 a Carthusian convent within two miles of Florence ; from which, after 

 the recommencement of hostilities with the allies, he was again 

 removed to Grenoble and Valence in France, at which latter town 

 he died on the 19th of August, 1799. In the beginning of Decem- 

 ber a conclave was held at Venice, and, on the 13th of March fol- 

 lowing, cardinal Chiaramonti was elected to the papal chair. 



In November, 1798, the king of Naples commenced hostilities 

 against the French, attacked the new Roman republic, and entered 

 Rome in triumph. But this success was quickly followed by a fatal 

 reverse. The French collecting their forces, not only soon regained 

 Rome, but totally defeated the Neapolitan army, made themselves 

 masters of the city of Naples, and compelled its sovereign to take 

 refuge in the island of Sicily. The successes which attended the 

 arms of the Austrians and Russians in the campaign of 1799, aided 

 by the powerful co-operation of the English fleet under lord Nelson, 

 however, again expelled the French both from Naples, and Rome, 

 and the king of the two Sicilies returned to his capital. But the 

 victory of Bonaparte at Marengo, and the conditions of the peace of 

 Luneville, which the emperor of Germany was compelled to con- 

 clude, again gave the French a power in Italy, against which neither 

 the pope nor the king of Naples were able to contend. The former 

 having been sent for by the new emperor of France, solemnly crown- 

 ed him at Paris ; and in the kingdom of Naples 15,000 French troops 

 were stationed. 



The pope has now, by the general treaty of Paris, been restored to 

 his temporal dominions, but his power is there limited, and he is no 

 linger dreaded or courted, by the surrounding nations. 



