43© PENNSYLVANIA. 



produced no wine that deserves to be mentioned. It may also be ob- 

 served of the timber of these states, that towards the south it is not 

 so good for shipping as that of the more northern countries. Tne 

 farther southward you go, the timber becomes less compact, and 

 rives easily ; which property, as it renders it less serviceable for 

 ships, makes it more usefui for staves. 



Pennsylvania produces ail the various kinds of grain common to 

 the neighbouring states ; but wheat is the principal, and of most 

 general cultivation. This state excels in the skill and indusi rj its 

 farmers. 



Animals. ...Deer and beavers are scarce in Pennsylvania ; otters., 

 racoons, and martens, are more plentiful. Buffaloes rarely cross 

 Ohio, and elks seldom advance from the north. Wild cats, bea 

 foxes, and wolves, are not rare ; the last do most mischief, espe- 

 cially in the winter ; but the fur and skins of all are valuable. In the 

 thick settlements, rabbits and squirrels are frequent ; also musk-rats 

 in marshes. Partridges are yet numerous, though hard winters and 

 sportsmen united have destroyed many. There are numbers of wild tur- 

 keys in the new settlements ; pheasants and grouse are become scarce. 

 Pigeons, ducks, and wild geese, are generally found in plenty in 

 their proper seasons. Here are a great number of singing birds, 

 as many migrate to this state from the north and south in certain 

 seasons. All the useful domestic animals are in great plenty, and 

 many of them excellent of their kinds. 



Population and militia.. ..Notwithstanding the many physical 

 and political advantages this portion of the United States has always 

 possessed, and notwithstanding the extraordinary influx of foreigners, 

 the inhabitants have not increased as rapidly since, as they did before 

 the American revolution. According to authentic documents there 

 were 434,373 inhabitants in 1790, and 602,545 in 1800, which affords a 

 duplication in 26 years. But by the Journals of the general assembly, 

 and the provincial assessments in 1731, the taxables did not exceed 

 10,000, and in 1751, the space of twenty years, they amounted to 

 21,000, and in 1771, they had risen to between 39 and 40,000. The 

 population of this state, according to the census of 1810, amounted 

 to 810,091. The number of taxable inhabitants was, in 1814, 165,422. 

 There are but few slaves in the state : at the last enumeration there 

 were but 795. The militia has been computed at near 100,000 men, 

 although they are not all furnished with arms, nor completely disci- 

 plined. 



Origin and character of the inhabitants. ...The inhabitants 

 of Pennsylvania are principally the descendants ofEnglish, Irish, 

 and Germans, with some Scotch, Welch, Swedes, and a few Dutch. 

 There are also many of the Irish and Germans, who emigrated when 

 young or middle-aged. The Friends and Episcopalians are chiefly of 

 English extraction, and compose about one-third of the inhabitants. 

 They live chiefly in the metropolis, and in the counties of Chester, 

 Philadelphia, Bucks, and Montgomery. The Irish are mostly Pres- 

 byterians, but some are Roman-catholics. The Germans compose 

 about one quarter of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania. They consist 

 of Lutherans, who are the most numerous sect ; Calvinists, or Re- 

 formed Church; Moravians, Roman-catholics, Menonists, Tunkers, 

 and Swenkfelders. These are all distinguished for their temperance, 

 industry, and economy. The Baptists, except the Menonists and 

 Tunker Baptists, are chiefly descended of emigrants from Wales, 



