590 A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



William Caxton who introduced into England the art of printing with 

 fusile types in 1474 

 1445 The Vatican library founded at Home. 



The sea breaks in at Dort, in Holland, and drowns 100,000 people. 



1453 Constantinople taken by the Turks, which ends the eastern empire, 1123 



years from its dedication by Constantine the Great, and 2206 years from 

 the foundation of Rome. 



1454 The university of Glasgow, in Scotland, founded. 

 1460* Engraving and etching on copper invented. 



1477 Tlie university of Aberdeen, in Scotland, founded. 



1483 RichaidHI, king of England, and the last of the Plantagenets, is defeated 

 and killed at the battle of Bosvvorth, by Henry (Tudor) VII, which puts 

 an end to the civil wars between the houses of "V'ork and Lancaster, after 

 a contest of 30 years, and the loss of 100,000 men. 



1488 Henry establishes fifty yeomen of the guards, the first standing army. 



1489 Maps and sea charts first brought to England by Earth. Columbus. 



1491 William Grocyn publicly teaches the Greek language at Oxford. 



The Moors, hitherto a formidable enemy to the native Spaniards, are entirely 

 subdued by Ferdinand, and become subjects to that prince on certain 

 conditions, which are ill observed by the Spaniards, whose clergy em- 

 ploy the powers of the Inquisition, with all its tortures : and in 1609, 

 near one million of the Moors are driven from Spain to the opposite coast 

 of Africa, from whence they originally came. 



1492 America first discovered by Colon, or Columbus, a Genoese, in the service 



of Spain. 

 1494 Algebra first known in Europe. 

 1497 The Portuguese first sail to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope. 



South America discovered by Americus Vespusius, from whom it has its 



name. 



1499 North America discovered for Henry V1T, by Cabot. 



1500 Maximilian divides the empire of Germany into six circles, and adds four 



more in 15T C . 



1505 Shillings first coined in England. 



1509 Gardening introduced into England from the Netherlands, from whence ve- 

 getables were imported hitherto. 



1513 The battle of Flodden, in which James IV, of Scotland is killed, with the 

 flower of his nobility. 



1517 Martin Luther began the Reformation. 

 Egypt conquered by the Turks. 



1518 Magellan, in the service of Spain, first discovers the straits of that name in 



South America. 



1520 Henry VIII, for his writings in favour of popery, receives the title of Defen- 

 der of the faith from the pope. 



1529 The name of Protestant takes its rise from the Reformed protesting against 

 the church of Rome, at the diet of Spires in Germany. 



1534 The Reformation takes place in England under Henry VIII. 



1537 Religious houses dissolved by Henry VIII. 



1539 The first English edition of the Bible authorised; the present translation 

 finished 1611. 

 About this lime cannon began to be used in ships. 



1543 Silk stockings first worn by the French king: first worn in England by queen 



Elizabeth, 1561 ; the steel frame for weaving, invented by the Rev. Mr. 

 Lee, of St. John's College Cambridge, 1589. 

 Pins first used in England, before which time the ladies used skewers. 



1544 Good lands let in England, at one shilling per acre. 



1545 The famous council of Trent begins, and continues 18 years. 



1546 First law in England establishing the interest of money at ten per cent. 



1549 Lord lieutenants of counties instituted in England. 



1550 Horse guards instituted in England. 



1555 The Russian company established in England. 



1558 Queen Elizabeth begins her reign. 



1560 The Reformation in Scotland completed by John Knox. 



1563 Knives first made in England. 



3572 The great massacre of Protestants at Paris. 



1579 The Dutch shake off the Spanish yoke, and the republic of Holland begins. 



