50 HOLLAND AND TIPPER : INDIAN GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY. 



of Golapilli (16° 43' ; 80° 58') in the Kistna district. Contains 

 typical Rajinahal plant-remains. 



Qondite series.— Named by L. L. Ferrnor (Mem., Geol. Sun., Ind., 

 XXXVII, 306, 1909) from the aboriginal Gonds of the Central 

 Provinces. The rocks are crystalline, and are a local, manganiferons 

 facies of the Dharwar system. Rocks largely composed of 

 spessartite, rhodonite and quartz. Gondite proper is a spessarb- 

 ite-quartz rock, supposed to be the product of metamorphism 

 of sediments, sand and clay, with manganese-oxides. As the 

 result of the oxidation of the silicates, workable manganese-ore 

 deposits have been formed. The oxidation took place, at least 

 in part, in Archaean times, or, at any rate, before the formation of 

 the pegmatites which occur so frequently as part of the funda- 

 mental crystalline complex in Peninsular India, for fragments 

 of the fully developed oxide ores have been found as inclusions in 

 these pegmatites (L. L. Fermor, Rec, Geol. Surv., Ind., XLI, 1-11, 

 1911). Gondites are typically developed in the Balaghat, 

 Bhandara, Chhindwara, Seoni and Nagpur districts of the Central 

 Provinces, but have also been found in the Narukot State, Bombay, 

 in Jhabua State, Central India, in Banswara State, Rajputana, 

 and in Gangpur State, Bengal. 



Gotldwanaland. — Name given by E. Suess to the great continent 

 which stretched from South Africa to India permanently or tem- 

 porarily during the Gondwana period from Upper Carboniferous 

 to Jurassic times (Das Antlitz der Erde, Band II, 318, 1888). 

 For a discussion of this question see W. T. Blanford (Rec, Geol. 

 Surv., Ind., XXIX, 52-59, 1896). On this continent were formed 

 the great coal-bearing formations of Africa (Karroo) and India 

 (Gondwana), and the northern shore of the continent was not far 

 from the present line of the Central Himalayan, snow-covered 

 peaks (T. H. Holland, Rec., Geol. Surv., Ind., XXXII, 153, 

 1905). The name is derived from the Gonds, one of the aboriginal 

 tribes of India. 



Gondwana system.— Proposed by H. B. Medlicott in 1872 in his 

 report on the Satpura basin, but omitted from the report when 

 published as Mem., Geol. Surv., Ind., X, Part 1, 1872 (see 

 also Rec., Geol. Surv., Ind., XIV, 11, 1881) ; and revived 

 by O. Feistmantel in 1876 (Rec, Geol. Surv., Ind., IX, 28). 

 The Gondwana system is composed of conglomerates, sandstones, 

 shales and coal-measures formed typically in fresh water, mainly 



