70 HOLLAND AND TIPPER : INDIAN GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY. 



zitic sandstone forming the uppermost division of his Himalayan 

 series. The limestone forms the conspicuous Krol mountain 

 (30° 57' ; 76° 10') near Solau in the Simla Himalayas. 



Kuidana series. — The beds of calcareous conglomerate, sandstone and 

 red shale between the Nummulitics and the Murree series were 

 regarded as probably equivalent to the Subathus of the Simla 

 region, and were described by A. B. Wynne (Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., 

 VII, 68, 1874) and distinguished by the name Kuidana from the 

 village (33° 56' ; 73° 27'), 3 miles north of Mirrree in the Rawal- 

 pindi district. C. S. Middlemiss (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind., XXVI, 

 42, 1896) similarly regarded the Kuldanas as passage beds be- 

 tween the Niunmulitic limestones and the Murree series. G. E. 

 Pilgrim (Rec Geol. Surv. hid., XL, 187, 1910) discovered well 

 preserved vertebrate remains in these beds which were identical 

 with known Bugti species, indicating an Upper Aquitanian (equi- 

 valent to Gaj ) age. He also noticed that the Eocene Num- 

 mulites found in the Kuldanas were derived specimens. 



Ruling series.— Named by F. Stoliczka (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind., 

 V, 24, 1866) from the village of Kuling (32° 3' ; 78° 9') in the 

 Pin valley, Spiti. Regarded by Stoliczka as Carboniferous in 

 age ; considered by C. L. Griesbach (Mem. Geol. Surv. hid., 

 XXIII, 12, 1891) to be in part Carboniferous but including also 

 the Permian Productus-shales and some Lower Triassic beds. 

 The term was thus abandoned as unnecessary after more com- 

 plete analysis and correlation of the constituent beds ; but H. 

 H. Hayden has revived the term Kuling system (Geog. and Geol. 

 of the'Him., Part IV, 234, 239, 1908) to include— 



(c) Productus shales of Permian age, with Xenaspis and Cyclo- 



lobus above and Marginifera himalayensis below. 

 (h) Calcareous sandstone with Spirifer fasciger and S. marcoui. 

 (a) Conglomerate and sandstone on the Kanawar or older rocks. 



This proposal limits Stoliczka's term at both ends, by the re- 

 moval of the Triassic rocks above, and the Carboniferous below. 

 C. Diener (Pal. Ind., Ser. XV, Vol. I, Part 2, p. 4, 1899) had pre- 

 viously suggested the retention of Stoliczka's term Kuling series 

 modified only by removal of the Triassic strata. 

 Kuiing shales.— Distinguished by F. Stoliczka (Mem. Geol. Surv., Ind., 

 Vol. V, p. 24, 1866) as Carboniferous and named from a village 

 (32° 3' ; 78° 9') in Spiti. C. L. Griesbach (Mem, Geol. Surv. Ind. 



