MA-I— MANCHHAR. 77 



145 miles westward from Jodhpur, and for 120 north and south 

 between Pokaran and Jalor (La Touche, loc. cit., 21, 22). Boul- 

 ders were carried in Upper Carboniferous times as far as the Salt 

 Range probably by the action of ice (C. S. Middlemiss, Rec. Geol. 

 Sun., Ind., XXV,' 29, 1892 ; E. Koken, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., 

 1907, 454). 



Maleri.— See Kota=MaIeri. 



Manchhar series.— Distinguished by W. T. Blanford (Rec. Geol. 

 Surv. bid., IX, 9, 1876 ; Mem. Geol. Surv. hid., XVII, 32, 57, 

 1880) as " the highest sub-division of the Sind tertiary series," 

 and named after the Manchhar Lake (26° 25' ; 67° 42'), a few 

 miles west of Sehwan. The strata were sub-divided into Upper 

 and Lower Manchhars, the lower beds being possibly Upper 

 Miocene, while the rest of the series was regarded as Pliocene, the 

 whole corresponding roughly to the Siwaliks. In Lower Sind 

 {loc. cit., 1880, 61) there is a considerable intercalation of marine 

 or estuarine beds, the evidence for deposition in salt water being 

 more pronounced nearer the present coast-line, while there is a 

 gradual passage down into the Gaj beds. As the result of later 

 work on the Sind-Baluchistan border, W. T. Blanford (Mem. Geol. 

 Surv. Ind., XX, 160, 1883) thought that the name Manchhar might 

 be dropped in favour of the older name Siwalik. E. Vredenburg 

 (Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., XXXIV, 180, 1906) thinks that such supposed 

 passage beds in Lower Sind should not be included in the Manch- 

 hars, and that they are representatives of the Hinglaj sandstone, 

 which follows conformably on the Upper Oligocene Gaj and is 

 Lower Miocene (Burdigalian) in age. G. E. Pilgrim (Rec. 

 Geol. Surv. Ind., XXXVII, 163, 1908 ; XL, 189, 1910) has shown 

 that the vertebrate remains near the base of the Lower Manch- 

 hars in Sind indicate a Tortonian age. The Upper Manchhars 

 of Sind are distinguished from the Lower by the great predomi- 

 nance of conglomerates in which there occur pebbles of Nuru- 

 mulitic limestones, showing that considerable changes in the eleva- 

 tion of the older Tertiary strata occurred between Middle Miocene 

 and Pliocene times. These Upper Manchhars are unfossiliferous 

 but probably correspond in age to the well known fossiliferous 

 Upper Siwaliks of the Himalayan region. It appears from 

 Pilgrim's work (loc. cit., 1908, 166) that the ossiferous beds 

 described as Lower Manchhar (Lower Siwalik) in the Bugti hills 



