PAKHAL— PAPAGHNI. 93 



important stratigraphical horizon. A provisional determination 

 of the fossils shows it to be Llandovery in age and the lower- 

 most division of the Silurian in the Northern Shan States. 



Paniam (Paneum) stage.— Named by W. King (Rec, Geol. Surv., 

 Ind., II, 7, 1869 ; Mem., Geol. Surv., hid., VIII, 40, 52, 1872) 

 from the village of Paniam (15° 31' ; 78° 25') in the district of 

 Kurnool. One of the stages in the Kurnool series distinguished 

 by being composed of coarse, rusty, so-called " plateau quart- 

 zites " below, covered by hirer-grained, more compact, white 

 sandstones, named from their mode of weathering, the " pinnacled 

 quart zites." 



Panjal system. — Originally applied by R. Lydekker {Rec., Geol. 

 Surv., Ind., XI, 34, 1878) to the great slaty and volcanic series 

 of the Kashmir valley. Afterwards (Mem., Geol. Surv., Ind., 

 XXII, 211, 1888) used " to denote all the rocks below the Kuling 

 series, and above the " metamorphics " in the Kashmir region. 

 Named from the Pir Panjal range (loc. cit., 213). The boulder- 

 beds in this system were regarded as equivalent to those of the 

 Blaini stage in the Simla area. The system is probably of a very 

 composite character, which may be unravelled by more detailed 

 work. For recent work in Kashmir, see C. S. Middlemiss (Rec, Geol. 

 Surv., Ind., XXXVII, 319—327, 1909 ; XL, 206—260, 1910). 



Panna sandstone.— The name applied by H. J. Carter (Geol. Papers, 

 1857, 674) to the lowest of three divisions of his " Oolitic Series " 

 (q. v.), from the town of Parma (24° 43' ; 80° 14') in Bundelkhand. 

 Strata of various ages were included in this sub-division including; 

 some of those grouped by the Geological Survey with the Vindhyan 

 system. 



Panna Shales. — Lowest stage according to F. R. Mallet's classifi- 

 cation (Mem., Geol. Surv., Ind., VII, 27, 28, 1869) of the Rewa 

 series in the Upper Vindhyan system. Named from the capita] 

 of Panna State (24° 43' ; 80° 14') in Bundelkhand. 



Papaghni series.— Named by W. King (Mem., Geol. Surv., Ind., 

 VIII, 127, 1872) from the river Papaghni (Paupugnee) which joins 

 the Penner to the north-west of Cuddapah town. It is the lowest 

 series in the Cuddapah system, composed of — 



(b) Vempalli slates ) about 4,500 feet. 



(a) Gulcheru quartzites ( 



