1844.] and on Gerard's Account of Kundwar. 183 



of the state, and during the late war with the Sikhs, a band of them 

 accompanied the Lassa force under a leader named Pan Aghim. In 

 Zjakpa we may find the same root as in Kazzak, a robber, and as in 

 Uchakka, a thief. 



Tribes — the Kalmaks and the people of Hor — A considerable por- 

 tion of the population of Khoten consisted formerly of Kalmak Tar- 

 tars, but it is said that when the Chinese subjugated the province 

 they deported the Kalmaks to the cities, which collectively constitute 

 the modern city of Ua on the river of the same name, and to the ad- 

 jacent districts. — Moorcrqft, 1,381. 



The people of Tibet whom I saw always, spoke of the Kalmaks or 

 Sokos as a people dwelling in the countries beyond the Kavakorum 

 range, and whose principal place was 'Eli.' — They described them as 

 of the Gelukpa sect of Lamaism, and said, their present chief was a 

 Lama named Jipchun Tampa, with the title Kaka, (i. e. Khakan or 

 Chagan. Tampa may have some relation to the horse, Ta.) 



In Sokpo we have no doubt the ancient Sacae, for po is equally with 

 ae, a termination. Our last maps place the Sacae between Imans and 

 Emodus or in western Tibet, but I doubt whether that country could 

 ever have maintained hordes of horsemen, and the tracts north of 

 Imans are perhaps their original, as they are their present, seats. I 

 have indeed heard of a few Sokpos about Garo, but they are, so far as 

 I could ascertain, emigrants, or the families of a paid soldiery. 



The country about Yarkand and Eli, or Ila, is known in western 

 Tibet, under the name of Hor, and the permanent conquest of Ladakh, 

 or frequent inroads into it by these northern tribes, is still preserved 

 in the memories of the Tibetans by the continued exaction of a tax 

 named Hortal or the Hor tax. This tax is levied at the present day 

 in for instance the district of Pitti ; but I have not heard that the 

 Chinese Government of Yarkand receives it from Ladakh as the peo- 

 ple of Hor did of old ; nor was I able to ascertain whether the imposi- 

 tion of the tax in question, was antecedent, or subsequent, to the 

 Kalmak conquest of Ladakh, about the end of the 17th century. 



In our maps, we place the mountains of Khor or Hor, and in our 

 geographies, a Mongol tribe of the same name, to the north-east of the 

 Mansarawar lake. There can be little doubt of the identity of this 

 tribe of our histories, and of the people now known in Tibet under 



