190 Notes on Moorcrofis Travels in Ladakh, [No. 147. 



practice in remote districts rather than near Lassa. Concerning the 

 degree of learning required of a Chogzukpa, I did not inquire : there 

 is only one of that rank in Kunawar, and I did not meet him. I am 

 also equally ignorant of the knowledge required of a Ghehsheh, there 

 is but one in the Chinese districts west of Mansarawar ; viz. the kanbo 

 or superior of the Teshigang monastery. 



The names of the books given in the tabular statement, are those by 

 which they are known in the Teshigang monastery ; but the powers 

 of the English letters only give an approximation to the pronunciation 

 of the words. I may not be correct with regard to the contents of the 

 books. My informants, (Gesongs,) though probably as well acquainted 

 as others of that rank usually are in villages, with their holy books, 

 evidently knew but little of them besides the names. I have never- 

 theless thought it as well to give what I learnt on the subject. 



No Gelukpa should use tobacco as a Chimba ; he must not take life, 

 and a3 a Gichul, he must in addition not know woman; these two 

 ranks may be considered as initiatory. A Gelong is a qualified priest, 

 so to speak ; most reach that rank, and few get above it. 



Of the Ningmas and Dukpas, I procured but little information. 

 They first learn to read and to repeat certain prayers. They then 

 attend in a temple for three years ; they never leave the place during 

 that time, nor are allowed to speak to any one save their fellow- 

 students and their teacher. At the end of the three years, they are 

 qualified priests or Lamas, their dress is red. The doctrines of the 

 two sects somewhat differ, and their great Superiors or Incarnations of 

 Sakyamuni are different. They do not cut or shave their hair like 

 the Gelukpas, and marriage is allowed to both sects. 



The Sakkias I believe resemble the Ningmas in their doctrines, 

 marriage is not prohibited, they wear a red dress. There are none in 

 Kunawar ; but in Pitti there is one temple belonging to them. 



The Banbos are a sect of whom I could learn but little; they have 

 no temples, that I could hear of, west of the lakes, but are said to 

 exist in considerable numbers at Kamp, a place about a month's jour- 

 ney N. or N. E. of Lassa. They perform the circuit of Gangri hill 

 and of Mansarawar lake in an opposite direction to that followed by 

 other pilgrims. This at least in the eyes of the vulgar constitute their 

 chief peculiarity. They apparently represent the Cf Bons," and the 



