220 Notes on Moor croft's Travels in Ladakh, [No. 147. 



I never saw the bears mentioned by Gerard, but I have usually 

 heard them described as of a reddish colour, with a white crescent 

 on the breast. The ordinary deer, the musk deer, and that termed 

 sar, are not found in Upper Kunawar. Chanku is the Bhotee, and 

 mangsa the Kunawaree term for the wild dog ; the animals are 

 therefore one and the same, {see also Captain Hutton, II, 16, Jour. As. 

 Soc.) In Upper Kunawar, they are said to be of a brownish or red- 

 dish color, and are but seldom seen. They are considered as coming 

 from the neighbourhood of the Indus, and it is natural that their chief 

 haunts should lie near the large flocks of sheep and goats kept be- 

 tween Garo and Rohtak. 



The ordinary wild animals in Upper Kunawar are the hare, the 

 jackall, (and perhaps the fox,) the wild sheep, {war male, and namo 

 female,) the wild goat or ibex, {kin male, and danmo female,) the 

 leopard and the leopard-cat. The wild sheep subsists chiefly on grass, 

 and the wild goat as much as it can on the leaves and tender branches 

 of trees and shrubs ; it prefers the mountain ash. Of the wild goats 

 there are not many, and they are difficult to get at with a gun. The 

 wild sheep is more accessible. The bear is not to be found beyond the 

 limits of the forest, but the grapes of the villages near the junction 

 of the Sutlej and Pitti, attract it towards the fall of the year. A few 

 others are to be met with in some of the ravines. I have not noticed 

 the rat alluded to by Gerard, but its existence in particular localities 

 has been also well ascertained by others. The wild ass ranges about 

 the Churnoril lake, and towards the sources of the Sutlej. 



The gigantic chakor is frequently met with in Upper Kunawar, but 

 it keeps close to the snow. The ordinary chakors are found in great 

 numbers, but they retreat to the heights during the breeding season. 

 During the harvest, pigeons appear from the southward, but a few of 

 a particular kind with light plumage remain throughout the year. The 

 common dove of India, and a small sparrow appear in the summer, 

 and also a few eagles ; but crows of different kinds and several va- 

 rieties of small birds are more numerous about the villages in the 

 winter than at another period. 



In Upper Kunawar, large fish are only to be met with in the Sutlej, 

 considerably below its junction with the Pitti. A few of the size of 

 minnows may be found in pools, and perhaps in the smaller streams. 



