230 Notes on Moorcrofts Travels in Ladakh, QNo. 148. 



Varangians, well known to us as the guards of the Byzantine Em- 

 perors, than with the Franks of Charlemagne or of Godfrey, through 

 a Persian medium. 



Kunawar, Name of. 



At Le this is called maun, tea ; maun being one of their names for 

 Bishahar. — Moor croft, II, 353. 



Kunawar called also Koorpa. — Gerard, p. 1. 



Maun, I have usually heard pronounced Man {maun). Kunuisthe 

 ordinary Bhotee for Kunawar, and Kunupa or Kunpa means Kuna- 

 waree, or a man or thing of Kunawar. 



Kurha is the Kunawaree for pusi, a kind of bread fried in oil. 



Chanthan, i. e. Zjangtang — Name. — Along the eastern frontier of 

 Ladakh in an almost semicircular line is the province of Chan than, 

 {Moorcroft, II, 360-1), or snow country, known to the Bhotias as 

 Hundes, and to the Tibetans as Nari. — Ditto, Note. 



Chanthan is properly Zjangtang, and is a descriptive, not a geogra- 

 phical, division of Tibet. Zjang means north, and tang means a plain 

 or open hill or broad valley, and the tracts between Gano and the 

 Karakoram range, are denominated Zjangtang, or the northern plains, 

 from their comparative flatness, and from their position relative to 

 Garo. The shepherd tribes of Tibet are called in Bhotee zjangpa 

 and dukpa, and Changtang or Zjangtang would thus become equiva- 

 lent to the shepherds of the plains, but I prefer the derivation of the 

 northern plains, (see also Changpa, Mr. Vigne's Travels, II, 343). 

 The Sikhs have corrupted Zjangpa into Champa, and give their Chan- 

 than a very wide signification. 



Nari includes these plains, as also the limited Chang of the Bhotees, 

 and indeed all Tibet between Ladakh and Zunga, eight days' journey 

 down the Burampooter. This place may be the Chang-hai Kanagher 

 of the maps, which is about eight days' journey for a horseman from the 

 sources of the river, and Zjang or Chang is no doubt the Dzang, &c. 

 of our maps, by which term the Chinese seem to understand Tibet 

 generally; but towards Garo and Lassa, Chang and Zjang mean 

 two subdivisions only. 



The goats which graze on the plains of Zjangtang produce the 

 finest shawl- wool. 



