1844.] and on Gerard's Account of Kunawar. 243 



From Lhassa two officers, natives of the country, are sent to Gar- 

 dokh as garpans. — Moorcroft, II, 365. The subordinate manage- 

 ment of the districts is entrusted to two officers, called the deba and 

 vazir. — Moorcroft, II, 365. And two amhans sent from Pekin, 

 now permanently resident at Lhassa, and engross the political admin- 

 istration of the state. — Moorcroft, p. 364-5. 



The Chinese Tartars have officers of various designations : 1st, umba, 

 superior to the rest; there are several at Yarkand and Lassa; 2d, 

 garpan, military commander, of whom there are two at Garoo; 3d, 

 deva, governor of a town; 4th, zougpun, governor of a fort; 5th, 

 poupon, in charge of a district; 6th, lassa, chief of one or more vil- 

 lages. — Gerard's Kunawar, p. 145. A garpun or governor stays 

 here (Speetee) on the part of, &c. — Ditto, 147- 



The zougspun of Rodokh. — Moorcroft, II, p. 436. Their governor, 

 the goba of Mirak. — Moorcroft, p. 437- I applied therefore for as- 

 sistance to the karphan — Moorcroft, p. 448. The chief man or gar- 

 pan. — Moorcroft, II. p. 16. The karpun or local governor. — Moor- 

 croft, II, 42. 



Garpan means the u holder" or a doer" of Garo. Pan is exactly 

 equivalent to the Persian dar, and the governors of Garo only are 

 called garpans. The term does not mean any governor, as is implied 

 in some of the above quotations. 



The garpans as mentioned by Mr. Traill, As. Res. XVII, 46, are 

 also called urgu-ma and urgu-la, which I understand to mean the 

 persons right and left of the great one ; i. e. the honored and confi- 

 dential servants of the Raja or Emperor. The words would be more 

 correctly written uku-ma and uku-la. Ku is the Bhotee for image; 

 la is given as right and ma as left, while u is considered as equivalent 

 to, on the head of. 



Pan as equivalent to dar in Persian enters into other words, as 

 zungpan, equal to killada. Zung being fort in Chinese, or in the 

 Tibetan of Lassa ; also karrpan has the same meaning, karr being fort 

 in Tibetan, as dankarr in Pitti, shalkarr in Upper Kunawar, tah- 

 lakarr near the Mansarawar lake. 



There are two ambans (the n is scarcely sounded) in Lassa. They 

 are usually relieved every three years. They are nominally the com- 

 mandants of the guard of honor of the Gheawang Rinbotcheh, com- 



