1844.] and on Gerard's Account of Kundwar. 245 



Nuna or nonu does not mean deputy, but is simply a title of respect, 

 and as such, is applied very generally. 



Banka, Narpa. — The banka or master of the horse. The magistracy 

 is discharged by officers called narpas. — Moor croft, I, 334-5. 



Banka is a village and not a rank; but at the time of Moorcroft's 

 visit, the banha-ha or wala, or master of Banka, was the master of the 

 horse in Ladakh. This bankaha's name was tanzin, with the respectful 

 prefix nonu. 



Narpa or nirrpa is rather I think a sort of treasurer or steward than 

 a magistrate. I would say that karrpan or zungpa, that is, killahdar, 

 is the proper equivalent of thanahdar or magistrate. 



Khaga, Tanzin. — And the khaga tanzin.— Moor croft, II, 230. 

 The administration is entrusted to inferior khaluns, tanzins, or Rajas. 

 —Do. I, 335. And he with khaga khan.— Do. II, 60. 



Khaga or gaga is a title of respect. The Tibetans also call the 

 chief of the Kalmuks gaga, and it may have some connection with 

 the chagan of the Avars, for all are no doubt modifications of the 

 terms khakan. In Ladakh, &c. khaga or gaga is a title very com- 

 monly bestowed. 



Tanzin, at p. 335, vol. I, is given as the name of an office, but at 

 p. 230, 408, &c. it appears rather as a proper name. It is indeed in 

 common use as a proper name, and although Hamilton in his Gazetteer, 

 Art. " Tibet," applies it to an appointment or station, and gives its 

 meaning as equal to a great man, yet after some enquiry I could not 

 hear of the word being applied to an office, either in Lassa or in 

 Laudakh. " Yin" indeed may be tchin, i. e. " great," and tan, means 

 a subject (ryot) or rather a personal dependent. 



Bridges. 



The different sorts of (bridges) are first sango, or wooden bridge, 

 of which there is a print given by Captain Turner; 2nd, the jhoola, 

 or rope bridge; 3rd, suzum is formed of twigs very indifferently twisted; 

 4th, chukhzum or chain bridge. There is one over the iSutlej under 

 Tholing. The above are used over large rivers. — Gerard, p. 33-35. 



1st. Sango is not the Kunawaree or Bhotee term for a wooden 

 bridge. It is used in the Southern Himalayas for I think any perma- 

 nent bridge, and it is derived I presume from a Sanscrit word of si mi- 



