Table IV. — Distribution of Forest Meadow Mammals 



(Steppe climate) 



Retreat of Tundra and Steppe Fauna. Wide southward and 

 westward dispersal of Tundra. Sleppe and Alpiim F:iuna in Europe 

 to the Pyrenees, Alps, iiurUiern Spnin and Italy. Arrival of Tundra 

 Fauna. Arrival of Asiatic Steppe Fauna. 



Ill Glacial 



1st INTFJICLA' JAI. 



GF-oro(.K' \;;n Clima 



3rd Tundra (Rangifer = E. 

 primi&enius) fauna in north- 

 ern Germany and France, 

 Glaciers of Alps and Pyrenees, 

 Canstatt 



2nd Tundra (Rangifer — E. 



primigenins\ fauna in N. Ger- 

 many, Mauer, Steinnei.ni, etc. 



Early Tundra migrations in- 

 to northern Europe and cold 

 regions of Britain, Alps and 

 Pyrenees 



SytBtia crocuta spelwaP 

 Felis leo spclwa' 1 

 Dicerorhinus merckii 

 Elephas antiquus 

 Elephas trogontherii 

 Hippopotamus major 

 Canis aureus 

 Macacus 

 Felis pardus 

 Dicerorhinits etruscus 

 Machwrodus latidens 

 Eq uus stcnonis 

 Hyama striata 

 Elephas meridionalin 



Survival of Pliocene and fresh 

 invasions of African - Asiatic 

 Fauna 



"Warm" Afbi can- 

 Asiatic Fauna, frequenting 

 or migrating into 



Ceriuis elaphua 

 " capreolus 



Megaceros euryceros 



Ursus arctos 



Bison priscus 



Bos primigeniiia 



Alces machlis 



Eqitus caballits tupict. 



Felis cat us 

 " lynx 



Vulpes alopex 



Visits spelmis 



Felis catus 



Sciurus vulgaris 



Canis lupus 



8 us scrofa 



Meles tax us 



Alces latifrons 



Castor fiber 



Trogontherium cuvieri 



Lutra vulgaris 



Gtilo luscus 



Equus mosbachensis 



Ursus deningeri 



Ursus arvernensis 



Cervus sedgwicki 



Ccrvus carnittoritm 



V,l Tf \MATH FiaiEST 



Meadow Fauna, frequenting 



II "Reindeer Period,' 1 



Tundra, Steppe, 



Aijine and Meadow 



I Mingled African- 

 Asiatic and 

 Forest-Meadow Faunas 



Glacial Migra 



Temperate and Sheltered Re- Cool temperate meadows and for-" 

 gions, remote from the Ice Caps ests. Regions bordering aud re- 

 mote from the Ice Caps 



Interglacial 



a Egana speltea and Felis leo apelira, the sole survivors of the African Asiatic Faana in the Cold Reindeer period of IV Glacial and Postglacial times. 



