OSBORN. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 



261 



obtained the skeleton of the southern mammoth described by Gaudry.* 2 

 The giant deer (Megaceros) are represented at St. Prest by the species 

 C. earnutorum, or "deer of the Carnntes.'' 



The most recently discovered fauna of this age is that of Cajarc in the 

 northern part of the Ehone basin. Harle and Stehlin consider the Cajarc 

 fauna as transitional between that of St, Prest and Durfort and that of 

 Montmaurin which we attribute to Second Interglacial times. The mam- 

 moth (E. meridionalis) is of a more recent type than the Upper Pliocene 

 form of Italy. The bison is a very 

 large animal. Especially important 

 is the fact that these authors posi- 

 tively identify here remains of deer 

 which are related to the stag or red 

 deer of Europe (Cervus elaphus), 

 leaving the species doubtful. There 

 is also at Cajarc a large badger 

 (Meles taxus) which is character- 

 istic of early Pleistocene times, and 

 a small wolf (Canis) no larger 

 than the jackal. There is also a 

 small species of sabre-tooth tiger 

 (Machcerodus). 



Southern Elephant {Elephas 

 meridionalis). — The "southern ele- 

 phant'" is Faulkner's "pre-Glacial 

 variety of the mammoth." It be- 

 longs to the same general group as 

 the other mammoths {E. trogon- 

 therii, E. primigenius) and the 

 Columbian mammoth (E. colum- 

 bi) of America. The southern ele- 

 phant of First Interglacial times 

 belongs to a somewhat more advanced type than that of the Upper Plio- 

 cene of the Val d'Arno ; the Forest Bed specimens are, in fact, attributed 

 by Pohlig 43 to his species E. trogontherii. This mammoth series is dis- 

 tinguished both from the African (Loxodonta) and the Indian (Euele- 

 phas) elephants by the peculiarly flattened and concave forehead and the 

 high, peaked cranium. It is probably descended from E. planifrons of 

 the Pliocene and in tooth and skull structure it resembles the E. hysu- 



Fig. 11. — Molars of Pleistocene elephants 



(1) Elephas primigenius, 



(2) Elephas antiquus, 



(3) Elephas meridionalis. 

 After Lartet. 



42 Gaudry, A. : L'filephant de Durfort. Paris, 1883. 



43 Pohlig, H. : "tiber Elephas trogontherii in England." Monatsber. Deutsch. Geol. 

 Ges., Vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 242-249. 1909. 



