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ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



dricus of the Upper Pliocene Siwaliks of India. Thus two distinct stages 

 of the southern mammoth are known, the more primitive, occurring at 

 the close of the Tertiary in the Pliocene of the Val d'Arno, distinguished 

 by very low, broad grinding teeth with thick enamel, the other more pro- 

 gressive stage, occurring in the Forest Bed, at Durfort, and in the Pleis- 

 tocene deposits of the Val d'Arno, and distinguished by dental plates of 

 thinner enamel. The latter is said to be the original type of Xesti, who 

 founded the species, but the matter of specific type requires investigation. 



Fig. 12. — Skeleton of Elephas meridionalis of Durfort 



Gallery of Palaeontology in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes, Paris. 



After Gaudry. 



The southern elephant is best known from the magnificent specimen 

 found at Durfort and mounted under the direction of Gaudry in the 

 Paris Museum. The height at the shoulders is 3.83 m., or 12 ft., 9-1/5 

 in. This animal was much taller than the true mammoth (E. primi- 

 genius) which first appears chiefly in the Third Glacial Stage. The tusks 

 were shorter and less bent. We may infer from its original warm-tem- 

 perate habitat that it was partially hairy but not covered with wool like 

 E. primigenius. 



The following table of comparison of the relative heights of the great 

 Pleistocene and recent elephants is based so far as the extinct forms are 

 concerned on a series of approximations because it is very difficult to 



