272 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



Eaklv Phase. Warm Fauna. 



Mauer Sands (Lower), near Heidelberg, Germany. Warm Fauna. 



Montmaurin (Haute Garonne), Pyrenees, France. 



St. Roche, France. 

 Middle Phase. 



Mosbach, near the Neckar in northern Baden (Fig. 9, 12). 



Siissenborn, near Weimar, Germany (11). 

 Later Phase. Cold Tundra Fauna. 



Mauer Sands (Upper), near Heidelberg. Germany (14). Cold Fauna 

 approaching the Third Glacial Stage. 



Extinctions. — The mammals of this grand life zone have lost nearly 

 all resemblance to those of Upper Pliocene times with the exception of 

 the survival of the etruscan rhinoceros and possibly of. the sabre-tooth 

 tiger. The polycladine deer of Upper Pliocene times and of the Norfolk 

 Forest Bed, or First Interglacial, have vanished; neither are there any 

 traces of the axis deer (C. axis). 



Arrivals. — The Second Interglacial Stage is readily distinguished both 

 in France and Great Britain by a number of important new arrivals, 

 chief among which are the "old elephant" (E. antiquus) and the broad- 

 nosed rhinoceros (D. merckii). Another very important arrival is the 

 lion related to the African Felis leo. The southern elephant has now 

 certainly passed into the Elephas trogontlierii stage of Pohlig for the 

 type specimen of this intermediate species occurs at Siissenborn; in fact, 

 this is the "E. trogontlierii stage" of Pohlig; it is also known as the 

 "older E. antiquus" stage by Schmidt and other authors. The southern 

 mammoth E. {meridionalis) trogontlierii is replaced by the more pro- 

 gressive and typical E. trogontlierii. The broad-faced moose (Alces lati- 

 frons), the giant deer (Megaceros) and the roe deer (Capreolus) are all 

 present in the cooler and forested phases of this interglacial period. The 

 true stag (Cervus elaplius) is certainly recorded. The cattle (Bos primi- 

 genius) begin to be numerous and the bison (Bison prisons) also appear 

 in numbers. Horses of larger size occur (E. mosbacliensis, E. silssen- 

 oornensis) . 



Among the river-living forms are the beavers (Castor). The giant 

 beaver (Trogontlierium) is by some authors said to make its last appear- 

 ance in Europe in this sub-stage, but it is again recorded in the Third 

 Interglacial at Chelles. Other rodents include the marmots (Marmotta) 

 now found in the Alps, Carpathians and Pyrenees, whose remains may 

 have been borne down by the streams. Beside the lions the carnivores 

 include the typical Eurasiatic forest forms, namely, the lynx (F. lynx), 

 two varieties of bear (U. deningeri, U. arvernensis), and the badger 

 (Meles). 



The chief components of the fauna of the Second Interglacial Stage 



