g78 AXX.-IL8 -\EW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



with the successive ice waves and warm interglacial times. Because of 

 the resemblance of the grinding teeth of E. antiquus to those of the 

 African elephant (L. africanus) it has been assumed perhaps too readily 

 that this ancient elephant was characteristic of a tropical climate. It 

 resembles the African elephant in the prominence of the enamel bands 

 of the grinding teeth, which are adapted to the comminution of twigs 

 and woody food, which justifies the belief that this animal frequented 

 the forests. For these reasons Hilzheimer regards E. antiquus as indica- 

 tive of forest conditions. 



Rhinoceroses. — The three great rhinoceroses characteristic of the Eu- 

 ropean Pleistocene are each of distinct geological value. In general 

 D. etruscus belongs to the First Interglacial Stage, D. merckii character- 

 izes the Second Interglacial Stage and most of the Third Interglacial, 

 while D. antiquitatis is distinctive of the Fourth Glacial and the Post- 

 glacial. 



The two species first named are apparently related to the Sumatran 

 phylum (Dicer orhinus sumatrensis) . The D. etruscus of the Val 

 d'Arno, of the First Interglacial and of the early phases of the Second 

 Interglacial is a relatively small animal, distinguished by brachyodout 

 grinding teeth and long, slender limbs, a small anterior and a larger 

 posterior horn. It is remotely related to the Sumatran rhinoceros but 

 differs in the absence of cutting, or incisor teeth. It is essentially a 

 browsing type. Its remains in Mauer are said (Wurm, 1912) to afford a 

 transition to D. merckii. 



Eelated to this animal in the Second Interglacial Stage in Great 

 Britain, Germany, France, Italy, there appears the broad-nosed rhinoce- 

 ros known as D. megarhinus, or D. merckii. It resembles D. etruscus in 

 its smaller anterior and larger posterior horn and in the elongation of 

 its limbs and feet, but differs from it in the possession of relatively long- 

 crowned (hypsodont) grinding teeth adapted to grazing habits. This 

 animal is very widely distributed geographically in the Second and the 

 first half of the Third Interglacial Stage, and is in most localities asso- 

 ciated with remains of the hippopotamus and "old elephant/' 



Quite distinct from these animals is the woolly rhinoceros (Diceros 

 antiquitatis, D. tichorhinus) which belongs with the colder climates of 

 tundra and steppe conditions and is almost invariably associated with 

 remains of the true woolly mammoth (E. primigenius) . Like the above 

 described Sumatran species it lacks the front, or cutting teeth and has in 

 consequence been improperly considered as related to Dicer orhinus, but 

 really belongs to the modern African group of Diceros, resembling espe- 

 cially the species D. simus, with which it closely agrees in its dolicho- 



