OSBOBN, REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 



249 



Saiga tartarica 

 Alactaga jaculus 

 Lagomys pusillus 



Spermophilus rufescens 



Cricetus pliceus 

 Arctomys bobac 

 Mi/odes lagurus 

 Arvicola gregalis 

 Cants corsac 

 P it tori us eversm anni 

 Tetrao tetrix 



Saiga antilope 

 Gr. Pferdespringer 

 Zwergpfeifhase 



Rotliche Ziesel 



Kl. Steppenhamster 



Sibirische Zweibelmaus 



Birkhuhn 



Saiga antelope 



Jerboa 



Dwarf pica, or tailless 



bare 

 Suslik, or pouched 



marmot 

 Steppe hamster 

 Bobac, or Polish marmot 

 Steppe lemming 

 Steppe vole 

 Corsac wolf 

 Steppe weasel 

 Moorhen 



Tundra or Barren Ground Fauna and Flora. 29 — Certain members of 

 the Tundra Fauna adapted to the long cold winters and short summers 

 of the lands bordering the Arctic Ocean appeared in Europe at the height 

 of each of the great glacial advances. The remains of these animals are 

 always found within or close to the glacial drifts until the Fourth Glacia- 

 tion when they spread all over France, Germany and Austria. Thus the 

 musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus) • is recorded in the (?) First Glacial ad- 

 vance of the Forest Bed of England. A tundra fauna including the rein- 

 deer (Fangifer tarandus) is recorded (Forster, 1913) with the Third 

 Glacial advance (Upper Mauer sands). An extensive Tundra Fauna also 

 appears with the Third Glacial, or Riss Stage, in the "Mammutlehm" of 

 Cannstatt (Koken, Schmidt, 1912. p. 270) ; this is termed the "Older 

 Primigenius" Fauna and occurs on the "high terraces" with the older 

 Diluvium: it includes the woolly mammoth, the rhinoceros, the horse and 

 the reindeer. The Tundra Fauna reappears toward the close of the Third 

 Interglacial Stage (i. e. "Lower Rodent" layer), but the full series of 

 species characteristic of the Tundra Fauna are not recorded in Europe 

 until the Postglacial Stage (i. e. "Upper Rodent" layer), when the entire 

 Tundra list given below is discovered either mingled with the culture 

 remains of the Neanderthal race of men in Mousterian times or is repre- 

 sented in the art of the Cro-Magnon men of the reindeer period. The 

 full or typical Tundra list of the Fourth Glacial Epoch is as folloAvs : 



Eleph as primigenius 

 Diceros antiquitatis 

 Rangifer tarandus 

 Ovibos moschatus 

 Lepus variabilis 

 Myortes obensis 



Mammut 



Wollhaariges Nashorn 



Ren 



Moschusochse 



Schneehase 



Oblemming 



Mammoth 

 Woolly rhinoceros 

 Barren ground reindeer 

 Musk-ox 

 Arctic hare 



Obi lemming, or Siberian 

 lemming 



29 Nehring, A. : uber Tundren und Steppen der Jetzt- und Vorzeit, mit besonderer 

 Berucksichtigung ihrer Fauna, pp. 81-166. Berlin, 1890. 



