OSBORN, REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 



245 





Macaque baboon 



Sudelefant 



Southern mauinioth 



Altelefant 



Straight-tusked elephant 



Nashorn 



Etruscan rhinoceros 



Mereksches Nashorn 



Broad-nosed rhinoceros 



Flusspferd 



Hippopotamus 



Urochs, Auerochs 



Urus 



Wisent, "Auerochs" 



Primitive bison 





Upper Pliocene horse 





Sabre-toothed tiger 



Hohlenhyane 



Cave hyaena 



Schakal 



Jackal 



Altlowe 



Lion 



Leoparde 



Leopard 



principal members of this list together with the probable continental cen- 

 tres of their origin are as follows : 



Hacacus ? sp. (Africa) 



Elephas meridionalis (Asia) 



Elephas antiquus (Asia- 

 Africa) 



Dicerorhinus etniscus (Asia) 

 " merckii (Asia) 



Hippopotamus major (Asia) 



Bos primigenius (Asia) 



Bison priscus (Asia) 



Equus stenonis 



Machajrodus latidens 



Hycena spelwa (Asia-Africa) 

 " striata (Asia- Africa) 



Ganis aureus (Africa) 



Felis leo antiqua (Africa) 

 " pardus 



The remains of these animals play a very important part both in the 

 subdivision of the geologic horizons of Europe and in theories regarding 

 the alternation of climates, as well as in the determination of the an- 

 tiquity of man. They are found chiefly in the river sands, river deposits 

 and "High Terraces" of the First and Second glaciations and "Low Ter- 

 races" of the Third Glacial and Interglacial Stages. Some survivors are 

 found in the shelter and cavern deposits of the Third Interglacial Stage 

 as objects of the chase. Only two of these animals, the urus and the 

 bison, survive to become members of the Prehistoric Forest and Meadow 

 Fauna of Europe. The lion also survived into Postglacial times but dis- 

 appeared in Europe before the Prehistoric and Neolithic periods. 



Although originally derived from southern Asia or from Africa, the 

 woolly elephant (E. primigenius) and woolly rhinoceros (Diceros antiq- 

 uitatis) are not to be placed with the African- Asiatic fauna because they 

 appear in Europe only with the northern Glacial or Tundra Fauna and 

 are invariably indicative of cold climatic periods. 



Eurasiatic Forest and Meadow, Temperate Fauna. — These animals were 

 resident in the forests and meadows of Europe during the entire Pleisto- 

 cene Epoch and survived with a few exceptions into Postglacial and Pre- 

 historic times. In fact, they are probably separable by differences of 

 specific and subspecific value from their successors in prehistoric Europe, 

 but many authors still embrace them within the existing specific terms. 

 They are divided into Forest and Meadow types, the former with brachy- 

 odont teeth adapted to browsing habits and forest environment, the latter 

 with elongate or hypsodont grinding teeth adapted to meadows and a diet 



