244 INNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



also underwent a very considerable evolution during Pleistocene times in 

 their respective habitats. 



Owing to successive migrations and invasions into Europe of these 

 exotic types of the north and south we should not expect to find a con- 

 tinuous phyletic evolution or transformation such as we have observed in 

 the earlier epochs, excepting only that which occurred among the Eura- 

 siatic forest and meadow types which appear to have been native or in- 

 digenous in Europe from the earliest Pleistocene to prehistoric times. 

 These Eurasiatic forest and meadow mammals were continuous residents, 

 retreating in the coldest periods to the shelters on the east and south. 

 Cervus elaphus, for example, passed through several subspecific stages of 

 evolution. The invading hordes from the tundras, the steppes, from 

 northern Africa and from Asia represent branches which had their evolu- 

 tion elsewhere. This is true both of the mammals and of the races of 

 men which had their genesis in the far east and southeast and arrived in 

 Europe when it was a fertile peninsula, a region too small to be the seat 

 of a continental evolution or adaptive radiation. 



The five great regions which contributed to the European Pleistocene 

 were as follows : 



African and Asiatic, Plains and Foeest Types 

 European and Asiatic, Forest and Meadow Types 

 European and Asiatic, Alpine Types 



Steppe Regions of Southern Eurasia and Eastern Siberia 

 Arctic Tundra Regions of Northern Eurasia 



Literature. — The African-Asiatic element in these Pleistocene faunas 

 was the first to be recognized and commented upon by the early writers ; 

 it is commonly known as the "warm fauna." We owe especially to Neh- 

 ring the discrimination between the tundra and the steppe faunas. 

 G-audry, Harle, Woldrich, Studer and Boule have added to our knowl- 

 edge of these fauna?. Other contributors are Pohlig, Soergel, Porster, 

 Hilzheimer, Wrist and Dietrich. A strict systematic revision and intro- 

 duction of the trinomial system is greatly needed. The most complete 

 recent faunal lists of the late Pleistocene deposits in which traces of man 

 are found are those of Koken and Schmidt (1912), who have also insti- 

 tuted the closest correlation between the migrations of the Mammalia 

 and the successive stages of human culture. 



African-Asiatic Mammals, Warm Fauna. — These mammals include 

 those which first appear in the Upper Pliocene and survive into Lower 

 Pleistocene times: also those which first appear in the Second Inter- 

 glacial Stage and constitute the so-called "warm fauna" which survived 

 in Europe until the middle or close of the Third Interglacial Stage. The 



