OS BORN, REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 229 



One of the Pleistocene horses of north Africa (E. numidicus) is closely similar 

 to the Upper Pliocene E. stenonis of Europe. 



With these animals may have come the lion (Felis leo) which was widely 

 spread over southern Europe. 



Hyenas. The striped (H. striata) and spotted hysenas (H. crocuta) are com- 

 mon to Europe. 



Bears. The bear (Ursus lybicus) found fossil in Algeria seems to belong to 

 the Helarctos group, possibly derived from the small U. etruscus of the 

 European Pliocene and now represented by the Malayan sun bear. 



Machserodonts. Recently (Stromer) sabre-tooth tigers have been discovered 

 in Pleistocene Egypt. 



Primates. The primates are represented by the macaque (Macacus), not very 

 different from the existing forms which frequent the region of the Straits 

 of Gibraltar. In Pleistocene times the macaques ranged northward into 

 southern France (Harle). 



Suillines. Wild boar (Sus) may have affinities with the Pliocene types of 

 Europe. 



With the exception of the above list, there is little in common between 

 the large fauna of north Africa and that of Europe in Pleistocene times. 



AFRICA IN" PALEOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC TIMES. 



Giraffes very similar to the recent African giraffe (C. giraffa) have 

 been found in mid-Pleistocene deposits associated with Palaeolithic stone 

 implements of the Chellean type. 12 Industry 13 similar to the Chellean 

 but not necessarily of the same age is found in Africa from Egypt to the 

 Cape. Giraffes are also depicted in rock drawings of Neolithic age in 

 Algeria. 



In Neolithic times there existed at least one species of deer, whereas at 

 present there are two kinds of deer, the red and the fallow, 14 in north 

 Africa, both undoubted Eurasiatic migrants. 



The prehistoric men of the Barbary States apparently obtained and 

 domesticated the horse, species of sheep and several dogs, and left many 

 sketches of animals on the rocks of the region. 15 



Pleistocene or Glacial Epoch in Europe 



After the establishment of the single glacial theory by Charpentier and 

 Louis Agassiz (1836-1840), there gradually developed in Europe and 



^Pallary, P.: "Note sur la Girafe et le Chameau du Quaternaire Alggrien." Bull. 

 Soc. Geol. France, Ser. 3, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 908-909. 1900. 



13 Obermaier, Hugo : "Der Mensch der Vorzeit. Band I. of Der Mensch aller Zeiten." 

 Alleg. Verlags-Gesellsch. m. b. h. Berlin, Munich, Vienna, 1912. 



14 See Lydekker, Richard : Deer of all Lands. The North African red deer (Cervus 

 ■elaphus tartarus) is smaller than the European race. Evidence on the range of the com- 

 mon fallow deer (Cervus dama) in northwestern Africa is not very full. 



15 See Pomel, '93, '94, '95, '96, '97, '98. 



