OSBORN. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 21? 



Page 



Acheulean culture f auua 289 



Warm stage 289 



Cool Stage 289 



Krapina Neanderthaloid race 290 



Mousteriau culture, temperate fauna 290 



Fourth Glacial stage — Wiirm. Mecklenburgian, Wisconsin 291 



Beginning of the reindeer and cave period 291 



Period of the final glacial maximum 291 



Fauna of the fourth glacial stage 292 



Upper sands of Mauer 294 



Mousteriau Palaeolithic culture 294 



Neanderthal races 294 



Postglacial stage — continuation of upper Palaeolithic, reindeer or cave 



period 296 



Climate 296 



Upper Palaeolithic, four or five human races 297 



Aurignacian, first upper Palaeolithic culture stage 29S 



Solutrean, second culture stage 298 



Magdalenian, third culture stage and fauna 298 



Postglacial fauna 299 



Sehweizersbild cave • 301 



Kesserloch cave • 302 



Migrations of the large mammals of the fourth glacial and post- 

 glacial period 303 



Mammoth 304 



Woolly rhinoceros 305 



Elasmotheres 307 



Horses of the Pleistocene 308 



Bears 310 



Transition to the European forest stage > 311 



Migration of the tundra fauna 311 



Retreat of the steppe fauna 311 



Survival of forest and meadow fauna 312 



Azilian-Tardenoisian, final upper Palaeolithic culture 313 



Forest fauna 313 



Intkoduction 



We observe tliat the Upper Tertiary closes with a Pliocene northern 

 world rich with life, a world replete with Asiatic and African influence, 

 The Tertiary Period is followed by the Quaternary, or Age of Man, a 

 time of transition and of vast extinctions in Europe and North America 

 through natural causes, as well as of the geographic redistribution of life 

 and establishment of the modern zoogeographic regions. Toward the 

 close of the Quaternary Period man becomes the "destroying angel" and 

 very nearly completes the havoc which Nature has begun. 



