OSBORX. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 281 



pearyi), the antlers are round, slender and long in proportion to the 

 relatively small size of the animal, while the spreading beam and brow 

 tines are as a rule but little palmated, although in some forms the brow 

 tine is palmated. 



The woodland type, which is now extinct in Europe, is typified by sev- 

 eral American species 70 (R. caribou, R. montanus, R. osborni) in which 

 the antlers are heavier, flatter, thicker, and more heavily palmated on 

 the spreading beam and on the "brow tine" especially, while the tine 

 above the brow, which corresponds to the bez-tine of the stag (Cervus), 

 is elaborately developed and palmated thus contrasting sharply with the 

 simple bez-tine of the Barren Ground group. 



Some writers 71 (Scharff) maintain that the Barren Ground reindeer 

 entered Europe first during the First and Second Glacial Stages while 

 the woodland group first appears in the Third Glacial Stage. Others 

 (Hilzheimer) maintain that all the known Pleistocene reindeer belong 

 to the Tundra form and not to the woodland form. Again, Dietrich 72 

 recognizes a woodland caribou in the "high terrace" gravels of Stelnheim 

 in the valley of the Murr. 



Carnivores. — -The larger Pleistocene carnivores embrace the wolves 

 (Canis lupus), the bears (U. arctos, U. spelcea), the hyamas (H. crocuta 

 spelcea, H. (brunnea) striata), the leopards (Felis pardus of Spain) 

 and the lions. 



The chief enemies of the wild horses and cattle of the Pleistocene were 

 the lions (Felis leo spelcea) , descended either from the great cats of the 

 Pliocene of France and Italy (Felis arvernensis) or more probably mi- 

 grants from northern Africa. These lions are known from deposits in 

 England, Belgium, Austria, southern Eussia, France, Spain, 73 Italy, 

 Sicily, Greece and Algeria. 74 The fact that remains of this animal are 

 so often associated with those of the cold Postglacial fauna makes JSTeh- 

 ringV 5 suggestion seem plausible that the cave lion was a northern race 

 of the recent African and western Asiatic lion adapted to a colder cli- 

 mate and with a heavy coat. After examination of specimens from cen- 

 tral and northern Europe Boule 74 reaches the conclusion that these lions 



70 Grant, Madison : "The Caribou." Ann. Rept. N. Y. Zool. Soc, no. 7, pp. 175-196. 

 New York, 1892. 



71 Op. cit., p. 154. 



72 Dietrich. W. 0. : "Neue fossile Cervidenreste aus Schwaben," Jahreshefte des 

 Vereins f. vaterlandische Naturkunde, Jahrg. 66, pp. 320-336. 1910. 



73 Harle. Edot'ard : "Les mammiferes et oiseaux quaternaires connus jusau'iei en 

 Portugal. Memoires suivi d'une liste generale de ceux de la Peninsule Ib<5rique." Com- 

 mun. du Service geol. du Portugal, T. VIII, pp. 22-85, pll. I-V. 1910. 



7 * Boule, Marcellin : "Les Grands Cbats des Cavernes." Ann. de Paleont, Vol. I. pp. 

 20-27. Jan., 1906. 



75 Xi;hri.vg, A. : tiber Tundren und Steppen der Jetzt-und Vorzeit, rait besonderer 

 Beriicksichtigung ihrer Fauna. Berlin, 1890. 



