386 ! WALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



mains of forests of Third. Interglacial age similar to those which still 

 flourish in the same region, consisting of spruce, fir, mountain pine, 

 larch, birches, yews and sycamores with undergrowth of hazel. These 

 lignitic deposits rest upon the remains of a retreating glacier and are in 

 turn covered with those of another glacier and are therefore intergla- 

 cial. 79 With this hardy flora are associated remains of Eleplias antiquum, 

 D. merchii, the urus and the stag. 



Fauna. — The mammalian fauna is broadly divided into : first, the 

 warm African- Asiatic, which disappears from Europe at the close of the 

 Third Interglacial Stage ; second, the Eurasiatic Forest Fauna, in which 

 we now include the urus (B. primigenius) and the bison (B. priscus) : 

 third, the Tundra Fauna, which retreats after the Third Glacial Stage 

 to reappear with the approach of the Fourth Glacial Stage, when the 

 full tide of Tundra life, including fifteen species of mammals and birds, 

 and the advance wave of Steppe life, including nine species of mammals 

 and birds, first arrive in Europe. The chief localities in which the fauna 

 is recorded are the following: 



Warm Stage. Chelles, 80 St. AcSeul, valley of the Somme, northern France. 



Warm Fauna. 



Gkays Thubbock and Ilfoeb, Essex, England. Warm Fauna. 



Cool Stage. Taubach-Weimab-Eheingsdobf-Achenheim, Germany. Acheu- 



lean Stage. Temperate Fauna. 



Dubnten, Utznach, near Zurich, Switzerland (cool flora, 



fauna). 

 Laviste, Aygelades, travertines, Marseilles, France (flora). 

 Krapina (cavern of), Croatia (fauna and human remains). 

 Cold Stage. Rixdoef, near Berlin. Cold fauna. 



PILTDOWN" MAN", EOANTHROPUS DAWSONT 



Fragments of a skull and jaws discovered by Dawson in 1911 near 

 Piltdown, Sussex, have been described by Dawson and Smith Wood- 

 ward. 81 They were associated in a fluviatile sand layer with a single 

 pre-Chellean flint and remains of deer (? deer), rhinoceros (D. etruscus 

 or D. merchii), beaver (Castor filer), and hippopotamus. The geologic 

 age is not positively determined by the fauna nor by the nature of the 

 river gravel deposits in which these specimens were found. The associa- 



79 Dawkins, W. B. : '"Classification of the Tertiary Period by Means of the Mam- 

 malia." Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Vol. xxxi, pp. 379-405. Aug., 1880. 



80 The Chellean culture is placed by Penck and Geikie in the Second Interglacial Stage. 



81 Dawson, Ch., Smith- Woodward, A., Smith, G. Elliot: "On the Discovery of a 

 Palaeolithic Human Skull and Mandible in a Flint-bearing Gravel Overlying the Wealden 



(Hastings Beds) at Piltdown, Fletching (Sussex). With an Appendix by Prof. Grafton 

 Elliot Smith." Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc, Vol. 69, pp. 117-151. Pis. XV-XXI. London. 1913. 



