OSBORN. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 337 



tion of the pre-Chelleau flint and of numerous Chellean flints in the 

 overlying layer would tend to determine the age as either Third Inter- 

 glacial or at the earliest Second Interglacial. 



The placing of the skull and jaws together as belonging to one indi- 

 vidual is not certain, but is highly probable. The cranial bones are 

 extremely thick ; the skull is not ISTeanderthaloid, but is of a high, dolicho- 

 cephalic type, with a brain capacity variously estimated at l,100ccm. 

 (Elliot Smith, 1913) to l,500ccm. (Keith, 1913). 81a The jaw resembles 

 closely that of an orang {Simla satyrus) ; the two lower molar teeth 

 preserved are more elongated than in any human type; the superior 

 canine tooth (mistaken by the authors for an inferior canine) resembles 

 that of the anthropoid ape. Thus the specimen may be concisely de- 

 scribed as possessing the skull of a man combined with the jaw and the 

 dentition of one of the higher anthropoid apes. A number of eoliths 

 and one palaeolith were also found in the same layer with the skull. 



PRE-CHELLEAN AND CHELLEAN FAUNA 



The dawn of the stone industry in Europe is known as the pre-Chel- 

 lean. It is found at Chelles in France, in Spain and at Piltdown, 

 Essex, England. It is important to note that the Chellean culture 

 stage is regarded by Penck, Geikie and others as belonging to Second 

 Interglacial times, or the Mindel-Eiss, while Boule, Haug, Obermaier, 

 Breuil and Schmidt assign the pre-Chellean-Chellean culture to the 

 Third Interglacial Stage. While the latter opinion generally prevails 

 among archaeologists there is reason for further investigation before the 

 geologic age of the pre-Chellean and Chellean cultures can be considered 

 as definitely determined. 



The faunal period of the Chellean culture proper is shown in the val- 

 leys of the Somme and of the Marne where mingled with the Pre-Chel- 

 lean and Chellean flints are found the hippopotamus, the southern ele- 

 phant (E. meridionalis trogontherii) with the straight-tusked elephant 

 (E. antiquus) and the broad-nosed rhinoceros (D. merckii). The typi- 

 cal site of the Chellean culture stage is near the town of Chelles in the 

 wide expanse of the Marne valley. The river deposits of the period of 

 the Chellean culture in this valley are eight meters in thickness and 

 contain beside the animals named above the giant beaver (Trogonthe- 

 rium), species of bear, of hyaena, various kinds of deer, larger and 

 smaller kinds of wild cattle and a primitive wild horse. 



At Abbeville, at the mouth of the Somme, are found remains of the 



M « The corrected and flnal determination Is at l,300ccm., Smith-Woodward, McGregor, 



