OSBORN. REVIE'W OF THE PLEISTOCENE 



289 



Giant deer, Megaceros 



Hysena, H. crocuta spelcea 



Brown bear. Ursus arctos 



Wild goat. Gapra 



Lion, Felis leo antiqua 



Wolf, Can is sucssi 



Badger, Meles taxus 



Marten, Mustela martes 



Otter, Lutra vulgaris 



Bearer, Castor fiber 



Hamster. Gricetus vulgaris 



The water vole, Arvicola ampMMus 



corded here are not true cave types, 

 but are in part ancestors of the cave 

 types which appear in the succeed- 

 ing reindeer or cavern period. 



ACHEULEAN CULTURE FAUNA 



Warm Stage. — The early Acheulean culture as found at Taubach, 

 Weimar, Ehringsdorf and Achenheim contains the hippopotamus and the 

 straight -tusked elephant (E. antiquus). The principal feature of the 

 early Acheiilean culture stage seems to be the abundance of these African- 

 Asiatic animals so that this is commonly known as the "warm Acheulean" 

 fauna. 



Cool Stage.— The Acheulean culture endured for a long period of time 

 and toward its close two typical members of the warm fauna, namely, 

 the hippopotamus and E. trogontherii, disappear. Thus the late Acheu- 

 lean fauna does not include either hippopotamus or E. trogontherii but 

 there still survive the E. antiquus and the broad-nosed rhinoceros (D. 

 merchii). These animals persisted in Europe for a considerable time 

 and becoming adapted to a colder climate are sometimes found in asso- 

 ciation with the advent of the true mammoth (E. primigenius) and the 

 woolly rhinoceros (D. antiquitatis) . 



During late Acheulean times a dry, cool continental climate prevailed 

 (Hilzheimer, 1913, p. 145) similar to that of the steppes of southern 

 Eussia between the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea. Evidences of 

 this are observed even in the sheltered valley of the Vezere, a tributary 

 of the Dordogne in southwestern France. Similarly as regards north- 

 central France, Obermaier (1912, pp. 122-124) observes that while the 

 climate was mild and temperate and the country still forested at the be- 

 ginning of the Acheulean culture, in late Acheulean times the implements 

 at Villejeuf south of Paris, are found embedded in drifts of loess, a proof 

 that the colder climate which marks the transition from the Third Inter- 

 glacial Stage to the Fourth Glacial Stage was now beginning to prevail. 

 The fauna is still that of E. antiquus and D. merchii. More rarely 

 (Schmidt, 1912) Acheulean pakeoliths are associated even with remains 



