294 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



Upper Sands of Mauer. — In the Upper Sands of Mauer, Wurm (op. 

 cit. 1913) and Forster 84 have observed the presence of a sub- Arctic cold 

 fauna including the arctic reindeer (R. tarandus) and the banded lem- 

 ming (Myodes torquatus), the steppe suslik (Spermophilus rufescens), 

 also the steppe weasel (Foetorius eversmanni) . This is positively corre- 

 lated with the fourth glaciation by Wurm. 



The fauna of the "Wildkirchli cave on Mont Centis in Switzerland 

 shows no typical interglacial forms and may indicate either the approach 

 of the Wurm Glacial period or its Laufenschwankung (Schmidt, 1912, 

 p. 193). 



Mousterian Palaeolithic Culture. — The Mousterian Palaeolithic culture 

 of the Neanderthaloid race appears to have begun toward the close of the 

 Third Interglacial Stage and continued throughout the entire period of 

 the Fourth Glacial, including the First Maximum, the Laufenschwan- 

 kung, and the Second Maximum, ending with the "Lower Eodent" fauna 

 in the deposits of the "Newer Loess." Thus Koken and Schmidt speak 

 of the Mousterian culture as found at the base of the "'Younger Loess." 



The early men of the Mousterian culture period witnessed in the north 

 the Elephas antiquus and broad-nosed rhinoceros, and the hippopotamus 

 in the south, as proven in the Prince's Cave of Monaco. The culture 

 lasted through all the severe climatic conditions of the entire Fourth 

 Glacial Stage. The men of the Neanderthal race in Mousterian times 

 sought the rock shelters and grottos or entrances to caverns so that the 

 greater number of palasoliths are found mingled with the remains of ani- 

 mals of the chase around the old hearths. The commonest game evi- 

 dently consisted of the wild horse, urus and reindeer. Less frequently 

 the ibex and stag Were objects of the chase. 



Neanderthal Races. — To the Neanderthal race (Homo neandertha- 

 lensis/ 5 ) in addition to the remains of Krapina, belong many and widely 

 distributed remains, including the classic type of Neanderthal discovered 

 in 1856, the Gibraltar skull discovered in 1848, those of La Naulette, 

 Spy (1887), Krapina (1902), Malarnaud, La Quina, Le Moustier 

 (1908) and La Ferrassie. The skull of Neanderthal man was character- 



84 Forster, F. : "tiber eine diluviale subarktische Steppenfauna aus den SandMgeln 

 von Mauer." Verhandl. naturw. Verein. Karlsruhe, 1913. 



85 The mid-Pleistocene man was definitely named H'omo neanderthalensis by Cope in 

 1893 at the time of the discovery of the skeletons of Spy ; it seems, however, that King 

 had previously (1864) used the same term. Schwalbe (1901) remarks, . . . "'the 

 species of man which I, together with King (1864) and Cope (1893), designated as 

 Homo neanderthalensis." In the following year (1902) the same author introduces the 

 term Homo primigenius, which is that generally adopted in Germany. Among French 

 authors the same man is known to-day as Homo mousterfensis. This polynomial usage 

 serves at least to emphasize the unanimous opinion as to the distinct specific character 

 of mid-Pleistoeene man. 



