08B0RX. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 397 



cold it is followed by an amelioration of climate (Achenschwankung) 

 during Aurignacian and Solutrean times, which in turn is succeeded by 

 a recurrence of a colder climate during the Btihl advance, at which stage 

 it is believed the "Upper Rodent" layer of Magdalenian times indicates 

 a fresh invasion of Arctic-Tundra types. This tundra "Upper Rodent" 

 layer occurs in the deposits of Sirgenstein, Wildsheuer and Ofnet ; it is 

 associated along the upper valley of the Danube with early Magdalenian 

 paheoliths. and continues in Hohlefels, Schussenquelle, Andernach, Miin- 

 zingen and AYildscheuer in association with the Middle Magdalenian cul- 

 ture stage : there is, moreover, in Hohlefels, Schmiechenfels and Propst- 

 fels an association of the cold steppe fauna with a late Magdalenian cul- 

 ture stage. After this there was a decided amelioration of climate, for 

 in the final Azilian-Tardenoisian stage all the Steppe, Tundra and Alpine 

 types disappear. 



UPPER PALAEOLITHIC, FOUR OR FIVE IIUMAN RACES 



(1) The Grimaldi Race, a negroid type is found close to the warm 

 fauna] level at Mentone. (2) An initial feature of the long Postglacial 

 Stage i> the entire disappearance of the Neanderthal race of men and 

 the invasion of Europe by a new race of the much higher Cro-Magnon 

 type referred to the existing human species (Homo sapiens). This 

 race was discovered in Dordogne at the hamlet of Cro-Magnon from 

 which it takes its name. It has also been found in the caverns near 

 Mentone lying above remains of the Grimaldi race. Cro-Magnon re- 

 mains are also found at several localities in France in deposits of Aurig- 

 nacian and Magdalenian times. In the south in Aurignacian times this 

 was a tall, well-proportioned, hunting and nomadic race; in the more 

 severe climate of the north it occurs as a dwarfed race. The skulls are 

 dolichocephalic, with very broad cheek bones, hence designated as dishar- 

 monic. The brain capacity is equal to that of the early Neolithic races 

 and surpasses that of many modern races. It is probable but not posi- 

 tively demonstrated that to this Cro-Magnon race Ave owe the early arts 

 of engraving, sculpture, design and mural painting which are preserved 

 in the Aurignacian and Magdalenian deposits of France and northern 

 Spain. (3) In Solutrean times there was at Brrinn and Predmost (Mo- 

 ravia) another dolichocephalic race which is considered as distinct or 

 transitional because unlike the typical Cro-Magnon race the cheek bones 

 are narrow and the skull is thus harmonic. This is the Briinn-Predmost 

 race. (4) After the close of the Magdalenian culture stage, or during 

 the so-called Azilian-Tardenoisian culture, the first brachycephalic hu- 

 man races make their appearance in Europe. Their remains have been 



