298 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



found at Of net, Furfooz and at Grenelle. This is commonly known as 

 the GrenelU or Furfooz race ; it is very distinct from the preceding races 

 in bodily structure and in culture. 



Aurignacian, First Upper Paleolithic Culture Stage. — This first of 

 the Upper Palaeolithic culture stages is widely distributed in western 

 Europe. It takes its name from the small grotto of Aurignac (Haute 

 Garonne) where the first discoveries of the culture and of a number of 

 skeletons were made in 1852. The arts of engraving on bone and stone, 

 of drawing and painting in single lines, of sculpture of the human and 

 of animal figures, all in bold but primitive forms, first appear in Aurig- 

 nacian times. Thus man through his art begins to make a permanent 

 record of the contemporary mammalian life, especially of the mammoth, 

 bison, reindeer and cave bear. With early Aurignacian times the cold 

 climax is passed but we still find remains of the Arctic lemming (My odes 

 torquatus) fauna. The mammalian list of the Aurignacian stations both 

 of the "Newer Loess" and of the caverns still gives a cold aspect with its 

 Tundra-Steppe-Alpine types with which no warmer types are associated. 

 In middle and late Aurignacian times the lemmings for a time disappear ; 

 otherwise the fauna retains its northern character (Gulo luscus, Lag opus 

 alpinus), which is not essentially altered by the presence of the hyaena 

 and stag. 



Solutrean, Second Culture Stage. — This stage, which takes its name 

 from the type station of Solutre (Saone-et-Loire) represents the climax 

 of perfection in the Upper Palaeolithic flint industry, which appears to 

 represent partly a development of Aurignacian workmanship and partly 

 a culture invasion. With Solutrean times Schmidt correlates the three 

 Briinn skeletons and Predmost (Moravia). It is noteworthy that no e\ i- 

 dences of a Solutrean art have been discovered. The fauna like that of 

 the Aurignacian represents an amelioration of the extreme cold of the 

 Fourth Glacial maximum. The wild horse and reindeer are abundant 

 as well as the mammoth, rhinoceros, wolf and cave bear. Perhaps the 

 somewhat more frequent appearance of such cold faunal types as the 

 Alpine hare and grouse betoken the approach of the colder Buhl stage 

 of Magdalenian times. 



Magdalenian, Third Culture Stage and Fauna. — This third Upper 

 Palaeolithic culture takes its name from the station of La Madeleine 

 (Dordogne). It is distinguished by decline in the perfection of the flint 

 industry as compared with the Solutrean stage, by a very decided devel- 

 opment of bone implements, and by a surprising advance in the arts of 

 engraving and painting and the sculpture of animal forms in bone and 

 ivory. The Magdalenian stage corresponds with the "Upper Rodent" 



