OSBORX r REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 299 



strata which registers a period of extreme cold correlated with the Biihl 

 glaciation (Penck, Schmidt), which again attracts the cold-loving ro- 

 dents. The "Upper Eodent" strata associated with Magdalenian cultures 

 in the shelters of Schweizersbild and Kesslerloch are of more recent date 

 than the neighboring "Lower Terraces." This "Upper Eodent" stratum 

 contains an abundance of Tundra and Steppe types of smaller rodents 

 and represents the last stage of extreme cold in Europe. Thus the 

 banded lemming [My odes torquatus) corresponds with early Magda- 

 lenian times. In the upper levels of the Upper Eodent layer, which be- 

 long to late Magdalenian times, the Tundra fauna gradually gives way 

 to a more abundant Steppe fauna, the banded lemmings becoming less 

 frequent while the jerboas (Alactaga jaculus), the hamsters (Cricetus 

 pliceus). the susliks (Spermophilus rufescens) become more abundant. 

 The reindeer and the wild horse are very abundant. The mammoth, the 

 woolly rhinoceros and the cave bear gradually retire from the middle and 

 southern mountains of Germany, and in the very highest Magdalenian 

 culture layers the fauna begins to approach that of recent times, namely, 

 the Eurasiatic Eorest fauna. In Schmidt's opinion there is no question 

 as to the similarity of age of the Magdalenian layers of the Miinzingen 

 loess deposits with the cave deposits of Schweizersbild and Thaingen 

 From this evidence it can be positively determined that the chief deposits 

 of the "Newer Loess" occurred after the Fourth glaciation. 



With Magdalenian times are associated the skeletons of La Madeleine, 

 Laugerie Basse, Chancelade, La Hoteaux and Duruthy; all are regarded 

 as of the Cro-Magnon racial type. 



POSTGLACIAL FAUNA ' 



.The mammal fauna of this long Postglacial period is the same in tha 

 upper valleys of the Ehine, the Danube, the Dordogne and the Garonne. 

 It extends throughout the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Alps of northern 

 Spain. Even the reindeer invaded this region (Harle) but the stag (G. 

 elaphus) is more abundant. The moose (Alces) also invaded the Pyre- 

 nees and northern Spain. The Saiga antelope (S. tartarica) occurs at 

 thirteen localities in southern France (Harle), and the steppe suslik 

 (S. rufescens) is very abundant. 



It is a grand assemblage of the European Forest and Meadow types 

 mingled with a few Eurasiatic- Alpine types, abundant Eurasiatic Forest 

 types, but with the Tundra and Steppe types predominating numerically 

 until the close of the Magdalenian period, when the Forest types again 

 begin to greatly predominate. The numerical succession in Germany and 

 Austria may be tabulated from the invaluable tables presented by 



