OSBORN. REVIEW OF THE PLEISTOCENE 303 



several human culture stages ( perhaps the Anrignacian, Solutrian, and 

 Magdalenian). While the tundra fauna was pushing southward into 

 the heart of Switzerland, it had already vanished from central Germany, 

 Belgium and France, where it had been superseded by a steppe, or even 

 a meadow-forest fauna. The human artifacts show that these deposits 

 are contemporaneous with those of Schweizersbild, both belonging to 

 Magdalenian times. A hearth, with ashes and coals, and many charred 

 bones of old and young mammals, including the woolly rhinoceros, have 

 been found here. The human remains show that a race of pigmies dwelt 

 here smaller even than the small men of Schweizersbild, their height 

 being estimated at 120cm. (4 feet). 93 The horse of Kesslerloch shows 

 many resemblances to the Przewalsky horse of the high steppes of Cen- 

 tral Asia. 94 



It is characteristic of these faunas that among species still living are 

 mingled remains of the great extinct mammals of the times. Another 

 feature is that occasionally the Steppe, Tundra and Forest faunas are 

 found either nearly pure or entirely distinct and separate as in the lower 

 deposits of Thiede near Braunschweig, above cited. More often as in 

 Schweizersbild and Kesslerloch they are successive or superposed upon 

 each other. 



Beside the cavern deposits are those in the loess. Thus in the "Upper 

 Loess" near "Wurzburg, Bavaria, Nehring 95 has recorded both a Tundra 

 and a Steppe fauna, including beside the still living types the woolly 

 rhinoceros, the mammoth, the urus and the bison. 



MIGRATIONS OF THE LARGE MAMMALS OF THE FOURTH GLACIAL AND 



POSTGLACIAL PERIOD 



Over the greater part of the Iberian Peninsula the stag (Cervus 

 elaphus) took the place of the reindeer. There is no trace of the en- 

 trance of the Steppe Fauna at any period into Spain or Portugal. The 

 Pyrenees also presented a barrier to the greater part of the tundra 

 fauna, yet the Norwegian lemming (Myodes lemmus) penetrated Por- 

 tugal to the vicinity of Lisbon. The cold fauna (E. primigenius, E. 

 antiquitatis. U. spelceus, F. spelcea) is not represented in Portugal, but 

 E. primigenius has been discovered in two localities on the extreme 

 northern coast of Spain, in the Province pf Santander bordering the 

 Bay of Biscay. D. antiquitatis also occurs in the same province. 



83 NCESCH : op. cit., p. 21. 



94 Studer, T. : "Die Knochenreste aus der Hohle zum Kesslerloch bei Thayngen," Neue 

 Denkschr. allg. schweiz. Ges. gesam. Naturwiss., Vol. XXXIX, Pt. 2, pp. 73-112. 1904. 



96 Nehring, A. : "tibersicht iiber vierundzwanzig mitteleuropalsche QuartSr-Faunen," 

 Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges., pp. 468-509. 1880. 



