314 ANNALS NEW YORE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



(Felis leo spelcea), which are never found in western Europe after the 

 Pleistocene although the lion lingered until a late period in eastern 

 Europe. 



The Alpine Fauna, which is mainly of central Asiatic rather than of 

 northern relationships, retreats to the higher levels of the Alps and the 

 Pyrenees. Thus there remained in the forests, in the plains and in the 

 lower mountain regions of Europe the direct descendants of the Eura- 

 siatic Forest and Meadow Fauna of the Pleistocene. It is noteworthy 

 that no new mammals appear in Europe at this time except those intro- 

 duced by man. The fauna of early Neolithic times is directly sequent 

 upon that of late Palaeolithic times. This fauna has been discovered in 

 the Swiss lake dwellings 110 (Fig. 9, 38-40) at Moosseedorf, WauwyL 

 Eobenhausen, Concise, etc. In the peat bogs of Hassleben (41), etc., in 

 the travertines of Jena, Langensalza (42), etc., 111 have been found the 

 following mammals: 



Forest and Meadow 



Bison bonasus, the European bison, still surviving in Lithuania. 



Bos primigenius, collateral ancestor of the long-horned larger existing 



cattle of western Europe. The "urus," of Caesar's text. Surviving in 



Germany until the sixteenth century. 

 Bos longifrons, the "Celtic short-horn," the probable ancestor of the small 



breeds of British short-horned and hornless cattle. 

 Cervus elaphtts, the red deer or stag. 

 Cervus capreolus, the roe deer. 

 Alces machlis, the elk or moose. 

 Rangifer tarandus, the reindeer, surviving in central Europe until the 



twelfth century. 

 Cervus dama, the fallow deer. 

 Sus scrofa ferus, the wild boar. 

 Sus scrofa palustris, the turf pig. 

 Equus caballus celticus, the Celtic pony, representative of the "plateau" 



type. 

 Equus caballus typicus, the Norse, or "forest" horse. 

 Castor fiber, the beaver. 

 Sciurus vulgaris, the common squirrel. 

 Lepus timidus, the European hare. 



Lepus variabilis, the arctic hare, in Ireland and the north. 

 Mus sylvaticus, the field mouse. 



Arctomys marmotta, the marmot of the alpine fauna. 

 TJrsus arctos, the brown bear. 

 Meles taxus, the badger. 



110 RttTi meyer, L. : "Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten der Schweiz," Neue Denkschr. allg. 

 schwelz. Gesell. gesam. Naturwiss., Vol. XIX. Zurich. 1S62. 



1u Pohlig, H. : "Vorlaufige Mittheilungen iiber das Plistocaen, insbesondere Thiirin- 

 geus," Sitzungsber. Niederrhein. Ges. Bonn, pp. 2-15. Mar. 3, 1884. 



