1837.] on the Allahabad pillar. 973 



Here we have the actual names of ten rajas of India Proper or 

 Aryavarta, without their respective countries, as though they were too 

 well known to need insertion. The first, Rudra, probably belongs to 

 the Sdh dynasty of Saurashtra, where the name so often occurs : 

 Ganapati is also a family name : but few or none of the others can be 

 identified in the very imperfect lists of this early period. 



In the following line we have a catalogue of provinces, whose kings 

 were probably unknown by name to the writer. 



19. Samata, taduvakra, kdmarupa, riepdla, kartripura-adi pratyanta, 

 nripatibhir malavdrjundyana, yaudheya, mddraka, abhira, prarjuna, sana 

 kanika kdkakhara parikddibhis cha ; Sarva kara dandjndkarana prandmd- 

 gamana (20) paritoshita prachania sdsanasya. 



The first five are the names of boundary mountain states on the 

 north-east. The first two names cannot be determined, but the text does 

 not permit Dr. Mill's plausible reading Sumata ddrachakra, the coun- 

 try friendly to pines. Kdmarupa, and Nepdla are well known : Kar- 

 tripura may possibly be Tripura or Tipperah. Then follow those more 

 to the north and west, most of which are to be found in the lists 

 of the north-west countries extracted by Wilford from the Puranas, 

 and published in As. Res. VIII. 340-343. 



Malava he would make the modern Mdlwa, but this may be 

 doubted as it is classed with Mddraka, Yaudheya, Arjundyana, and 

 Rdjanya ( ? Prdrjuna) as ' drinking the waters of the Airdvati (Hy- 

 draotes)/ and consequently in the Panjab. Mddraea is placed near 

 Taxila or Takshasila : Yaudheya or the country of Yuddha is very fre- 

 quently mentioned in the Puranas, as lying between the Betasta (Hy- 

 daspes), and Sindhu (Indus). Wilford calls it Sinde Proper, the Ayudoi 

 travellers of the 1 6th century, and Hud of the book of Esther. It must 

 not be confounded with Ayodhya or Oude : and it may be here remark- 

 ed that the Behat group of Buddhist coins and sometimes Bactro-Pehlevi 

 legends on the reverse, having constantly the word Yaudheya on the 

 margin in the old character, certainly belong to this kingdom. 



The Abhiras are shepherd kings (or more probably hill tribes) in 

 various parts of India ; those here enumerated must be the Abhiras 

 of the upper part of the Indus near Attock. Abhisara is often under- 

 stood as Cashmere, the kingdom of Abisares, if we trust Wilford. 

 The two final names sana kanika and kdkakhara are unknown : the for- 

 mer reminds us forcibly of the kanirka of our coins ; and the latter has 

 some analogy to the kaka bambas of Gen. Court's map, to the north- 

 west of Cashmir. Kanaka appears in Wilford's list as an impure 

 tribe on the west border, 

 6 H 



