FOREST AND STREAM 
131 
moss collects on the trees, whether on the river or else¬ 
where. At Starlr, in Bradford county, where Hived over 
two years within a hundred yards of a large swamp, and 
where the whole face of the county is low and flat, and 
classed as “swamp lands, "chills and fevers were unknown. 
The same could be Baid here of mosquitoes and house¬ 
flies, as we did not put up a bar during the whole time. 
Pleas are never troublesome where hogs and dogs are not 
allowed to sleep under the house; hut as the natives usually 
permit- this, I am not surprised that such vivid accounts 
of the enterprise and activity of the Florida ilea have got 
into the papers from the northern sojourner. 
There are places where I have found the mosquito bad. 
At Sarasota Bay, for instance, during the first summer of 
my settlement there, I lived upon the shell hammocks, 
which I cultivated, and mosquitoes were so bad from June 
to October that my wife could do no sewing in the day 
time, unless under a bar, and at meal times it was neces¬ 
sary to keep a smoke going'under the table. We were 
forced to retire at sunset, and the mosquitoes were so small 
that ordinary netting was no protection; but we had to use 
a kind of cloth, called “Georgia cheek.” While tire mos¬ 
quitoes were so bad on this hammock, by going hack a 
mile or less into the pine woods, one could avoid them, 
and even on the hammocks they were “settled out." Such 
Is usually the case; upon new places it is during the first 
year that all the drawbacks from insects occur. They may 
hold out in favorable localities through the second year, 
hut the third will finish them. I have' found mosquitoes 
troublesome in the day time only at the mouth of Tampa 
Bay, and at points south of there, and this during the sum- 
I mer months only. During the winter they are not numer¬ 
ous or troublesome, hut it is at that season the fleas are in 
strongest force. The black flies of Maine and the Adirou- 
| daeks I have never seen here. At Sarasota, jf it was a 
| perfect calm at sunrise or sunset, which was very seldom, 
there were sand-flies or midges, but a little smoke or wind 
would cause them to disappear. 
I noticed in the Answers to Correspondents of. the 13lli 
Inst., a statement that the white pelican was not met with 
in Florida. Please allow me to correct the statement, as 
during the winter we are visited by large flocks of the 
white pelican on the gulf coast, at every place south of 
Geoclote River that T have visited. They are perfectly 
white, except the tip of the wings, which is a purple— 
black, almost, in its intensity—and in size about twice the 
weight Of the common brown pelican. They do not bleed 
here, as do the brown, but come with the first “norther" 
in the winter, and disappear in March. Where they go to 
I have not been able to learn. Can any of your corres- 
iondents inform me where they breed? Hoping the above 
lints may be of service to some of the friends of Forest 
and Stream, I remain, E. B. S. 
David Caffin’s Grouse. — Dave Cafiin, who keeps a 
boarding-liouse at Emigrant Gap, on the Central Pacific 
Railroad, is very hard of hearing—can hardly hear any¬ 
thing that is not shouted in his ear. Dave is very fond of 
hunting, and often takes his gun and prowls about the 
mountains in search Of grouse, quail, and other game. 
A Comstocker, who was snow-hound at Cisco for a da)' 
or two last week, tells the following story about Cafiin:— 
He had been out hunting, aud was going home with a 
grouse he had killed. As he came out of the wood and 
struck the railroad track he was overtaken by a stranger, 
who asked:— 
“How far is it to Cisco?" 
“Yes," said Dave, holding up the grouse, “I got one of 
'em.” 
“I don’t think you understand me,” said the stranger. 
‘I asked you how far it was to Cisco.” 
“Yes, lie’s pretty fat,” said Dave, “he’ll make a very 
jood stew.” 
“You must be a darned fool I" cried the stranger. 
“Certainly, certainly!" said Dave. “There’s a good 
nany of them flying about this year!” 
Virginia (Act.) Enterprise. 
—Seth Green has gone to the Utica poultry show to 
ipawn.— Rochester Express. 
This is but a trifle worse than what the Utica Herald says 
vhen it calls Mr. Green the “father of fishes.”— Lockport 
Times. 
Well, we suppose the Express is re-spawn-sible for its as- 
rtion, if made of fish ally.—A. F. GomHAdv. 
What’s Seth done to deserve such scaly treatment?— Os- 
ego Palladium. 
Done? Why the public! The fish lay the eggs, and Seth 
ackles over them. That’s what’s the matter ova there.— 
Fulton Times. 
Gentlemen: you may try to checkmate Mr. Green, hut just 
ait until he plays his pawn that you make so light of!— Ex. 
Our contemporary talks about Mr. Green “playing 
pawn." How, we have known of so-called sportsmen that 
mused themselves with flngerlings in this way, hut who- 
er heard of an angler playing spawn? This is indeed 
ing back to the egg. 
Calla Lilies.' —Mrs. Rollin Smith, of Swanton, Ver- 
ont, writes to the Burlington Free Press as follows: “Since 
te notice in tire Free Press recently of my possessing a con- 
nual blooming calla, I have received several letters from 
fferenl parts of the State asking me for the treatment 
lijch produces such favorable results. I use a four-gallon 
.r, and give an eastern exposure. In the summer I keep 
wet enough so the water may stand on the top, and at all 
mes very wet. Onee a year I take the plant, shake the 
irth from the roots, and till the jar with earth taken from 
ider old sod. As soon as a blossom commences to wither 
eat it down, never allowing a flower to die on the plant, 
he result is in sixteen months I have had eighteen blos- 
ins on Lite same plant, and at the present time it has two 
:ry large full blossoms.” 
-■*«»■ .. . . ■ 
—A cotton factor of Augusta, Ga., desiring to present a 
iend of his residing in Liverpool with a fresh specimen 
Savannah shad, hit on a novel plan to carry out his 
ish. He went to Hale Barrett, the President of tlie Au- 
ista Ice Company, and that gentleman carried out his 
sire by freezing two splendid specimens of the shad 
mily in the centre of a block of ice weighing 165 pounds, 
which packing case they were shipped to England. 
Taxidermy for Parents,—I f you want to preserve 
iur children do not stuff them. 
THE NATURAL AND ECONOMIC HIS¬ 
TORY OF THE SALMON ID.®—GEO¬ 
GRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND 
ARTIFICIAL CULTURE. 
so. six. 
BY PHILO ICHTHY03. 
A ___ 
A CAREFUL study of the habits of the Salmonidm 
leads to the conclusion that those portions of the 
northern hemisphere lying between the 33d parallel and 
the Arctic Ocean, which give origin to cool mountain 
streams, expansive lakes and rivers which flow into oceans, 
seas, and fiords, are inhabited by or capable of producing 
this interesting species. The salmon inhabits the coast of 
Europe from Spitzbergen to western France, and within 
these extremes are the richest salmon streams to be found 
on the globe. Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, Iceland 
and the Orkneys contain highly productive fisheries. Eng¬ 
land, Scotland, and Ireland also possess valuable salmon 
fisheries which produce large revenues to those who own or 
control them. France, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, 
Prussia; Finland, Austria, and Russia have large salmon 
fisheries, furnishing vast quantities of wholesome and nu- 
tricious food to all classes. Nor have we yet enumerated 
one-half of the native haunts of this right royal fisiL 
From Nova Zembla along the coast of Asia, to Bhering 
Straits, and southward to the sea of Japan the rivers of 
Asia are inhabited by this species. It is said by our Consu¬ 
lar Agents, the coasts of Niphon and Yesso aud the Japanese 
Islands—fairly teem with salmon, and that the Aleutian 
Islands, as well as the insular groups of the North Pacific 
Ocean, abound with this fish. In North America, from 
Newfoundland to the Pacific coast, and from the 33d paral¬ 
lel, north to the Arctic Ocean is a vast salmon area where 
this species already abound, or where there are congenial 
waters where they may be planted. In our country are 
many isolated streams, or water systems where brook trout 
are found in comparatively large numbers, while there are 
equally congenial streams near by that are uninhabited. 
Perhaps the following suggestions respecting the migration 
of trout, as well as other fishes, from one water system to 
another, may explain the colonization of fishes distant from 
where they seemed to have been indigenous. It has so 
fallen out in the economy of nature that two systems of 
water, forming distiuct basins, have originated near each 
other, the water shed between the sources of each being 
narrow and quite on a plane. Often during spring fresliols 
the water sheds may become flooded so that the two sources 
'anastonmt, though but temporarily, admitting the trout 
which exist in one basin over into the other thereby giving 
a new species to the iohthyic fauna already existing there. 
We can conceive that all fishes may avail themselves of 
such an opportunity, as also might be furnished by over¬ 
flows which unite basins in time of high water, and not at 
the sources of basins. 
We annex a synopsis of the salmonidm, giving the no¬ 
menclature of the different species as well as their geo¬ 
graphical distribution. The synopsis is taken from a re¬ 
port of George Buckley, Surgeon United States Army, on 
fishes of North America, which may he found at length In 
the report of the United States Fish Commissioner, Prof. 
Baird, 1872 and 1873, page 91, etseij: — 
I. From Nos. 1 to 6 inclusive, are anadroraous salmon, 
species which ascend to fresh water rivers to spawn. 
1. Salmo scouleri, Richardson. Hook-nosed salmon— 
Pacific coast. 
2. R. protem, Pallas. Hump-backed salmon—Alaska 
coast. 
S. S. coopcri, Buckley. Cooper’s salmon — Columbia 
River. 
4. S. dermatinus , Richardson—Bhering Sea. 
5. S. eonsuetus, Richardson—Yukon River. 
6. S. Cants, Buckley. Dog salmon—Columbia River. 
II. From No. 7 to 18 inclusive, without red spots, not 
feeding in fresh water except from caprice. 
7. 8. salar, Linmeus, Common salmon—North At¬ 
lantic. 
8. 8. quinnut, Richardson. California salmon—West 
coast of United States. 
9. 8. eonfluentus , Buckley. Tawath salmon—Northwest, 
coast. 
10. 8. aurora, Girard. Red char salmon—Columbia 
River. 
11. 8. argyreus, Girard—West coast. 
12. 8. paaeidens, Richardson. Weak-toothed salmon— 
Frazer’s River. 
13. S. t&uppitch, Richardson. White salmon—Columbia 
River. 
14. 8, elarkii, Richardson, dark's salmon—Columbia 
River. 
15. 8. immaeulatus, Stoner, Unspotted salmon—Labra¬ 
dor. 
16. 8, gairdneri, Richardson. Gairdner’s salmon—Co¬ 
lumbia River. 
17. 8. truneatm, Sucltley. Short-tailed salmon—Colum¬ 
bia River. 
18. B. richardi, Suckley. Richard’s salmon—Frazer's 
River. 
III. From 19 to 24, inclusive, the salmon are spotted 
with red; feeding freely in fresh water. 
19. 8: campbeUi, Suckley. Campbell’s salmon—Colum¬ 
bia River. 
20. S. hudsomieus, Suckley. Hudson’s Bay trout—Hud¬ 
son’s Bay. 
21. S. rossii , Richardson. Ross’ salmon—Arctic Ocean; 
Boothia Felix. 
22. S. hearnei, Riohardus. Coppermine salmon—Cop¬ 
permine River. 
23. S. alipes, Richardson. Long-fumed char—Lakes ol 
Boothia Felix, 
24. 8. nilidus , Richardson. Angiualook salmon — Lakes 
of Boolbia Felix. 
IV. Species not aundroinous, nor running up from the 
sea, but living entirely in fresh water. (Trout). Red 
spotted or flecked with* black spots; found in fresh, clear, 
cold flowing streams; feeding and spawning there spending 
the greater part of the year in the same; retiring to deep 
still water in tlie winter; access to salt water not disrelished 
nor indispensable. This note applies to No. 25 to 30 inclu¬ 
sive, brook trout of the Atlantic and Pacific slopes. 
25. 8. fontmalis, Mjtchel. Brook trout of Eastern and 
Middle States. 
20, 8. iridea, Gibbons, Pacific brook trout—California 
streams. 
27. S. masonz, Suckley. Mason’s trout—Columbia River. 
28. S. visginalis, Girard. Utah trout—Utah and New 
Mexico, Southern Rocky Mountains. 
29. 8. lewisi, Girard. Missouri trout—Rocky Mountain' 
slopes north of South Pass. 
30. 8. brevicanda, Suckley. Short-tailed trout—Puget 
Sound waters. 
V. Trout found in deep rivers or lakes, ascending shal¬ 
low streams to spawn; black spotted. 
31. 8. gibsii, Suckley. Columbia River trout—Columbia 
River. 
32. S. sebago, Girard. Sebago trout—Sebago Lake, Me. 
33. 8. kennerlyi, Suckley. Kcnneriy’s trout—Chi-lowe- 
yuek Lake, Frazer’s River. 
34. 8. warreni, Suckloy. Warren’s trout—Frazer’s 
River. 
35. S. bairdii, Suckley. Baird’s trout—Clark’s Fork of 
Columbia River. 
3(5. S. parka, Sucltley. Parker’s River trout—Kootenay 
River, Rocky Mountains. 
37. 8. oqmssn, Girard. Blue-back, trout—Oquassa, 
Rangely Lake, Me. 
VI. Lake trout passing their lives in deep fresh water 
lakes, approaching tlie shores annually to spawn in shal¬ 
low water, never entering running brooks, or repairing to 
the sea to feed, or for tlie purpose of reproduction. 
88. 8. namayevsh. Pennant. Mackinaw trout—Great 
lakes. 
39. 8. confthis, DeKay. Lake trout—Lakes of N. York. 
40. 8. siscewel, Agaafilz, Slscowet—Lake. Superior. 
41. 8. symmetrica, Prescott. Winnipiseogee Lake trout 
—New Hampshire. 
42. S. h odd, Richardson. Hood's salmon—Lakes of 
Atlantic Slope in Northeast Cauada. 
43. S. newberryi, Girard. Newberry’s salmon—Klamath 
River. 
44. 8. hiie/io. Danube salmon—River Danube. 
45. & orientals, Oriental salmon—Waters of Eastern 
Asia, Japan, aud Alaska. 
Tire THVMALLt—GRAYLINGS. 
1. T. signifer, Richardson. Arctic grayling—Lakes and 
rivers of Arctic regions. 
2. T. tricolor, Cope. Michigan grayling—Cold streams 
of Northern Michigan. 
3. T. onlarioensis, Valenciennes. Ontario grayling—In 
waters near Lake Ontario. 
4. T. vcxiUefer, Nilsson. European grayling—Waters of 
Central.Europe. 
5. T. vulgaris, Nilsson. Norway grayling—Watera T _jf . 
Norway and Lapland. ’ oL 
6. T. gymnolhorax, Valenciennes. German grayling— 
Waters of Prussia. 
7- T. gymnogaster, Valenciennes. Russian grayling— 
River Neva, Russia. 
8. T. JEtiaua, Valenciennes. Swiss grayling—Lake Ge¬ 
neva. 
9. T. pqlltmi, Valenciennes—Waters of Russia. 
10. T. merlemiz, Valenciennes—Waters of Kamschatka. 
11- T. yritbii, Dybrowsky. Grub’s grayling—Streams of 
Siberia. 
12. T. thymaUus, Kroyer. Danish grayling—Waters of 
Denmark. 
The generic name thymallm is derived from Thumnllos, 
the Greek term for thyme, from the impression the Greeks 
had that the fish possessed the odor of this herb. Hence 
the Thymallii must have attracted attention from a very 
early period. In that part of tlie synopsis relating to the 
rax, and also iuclines to refer T. gymnogaster to the same 
species; and further, Gnntlier is of the opinion that T. gym- 
notliorax , as referred to by all authors, are one and the same 
species with the first named T. vulgaris—vide U. S. Fish 
Commissioners Report of 1872 and 1873, page 729. 
When our enterprising fish culturists cuptnred the Mich¬ 
igan grayling, this species was supposed to occupy but 
limited portions of tins continent. But a little research 
discovers the fact that the grayling is as cosmopolitan as 
the salmon, aud co-species existT in the Temperate and 
Arctic Zones of the Northern Hemisphere, wherever the 
waters are congenial to their habits. 
O. albula —Waters of Russia. 
O. maraeva —Waters of Russia. 
(7. albus, Liunc—Great Lakes. 
G. angusUceps, Valenciennes—Lakes British America. 
G. ehiciformis —Interior lakes. 
O. arum, Ooues wliitefish—Chief Mountain Lake, eastern 
edge of Rocky Mountains. 
U. fern —Lake Geneva, Switzerland. 
To bo continued. 
—Referring to recent communications respecting the 
finding of smelts, or “frost-fish.” in fresh as well as salt 
water, “H.” (Ithaca, N. Y.) tells us that, although he has 
never seen the fish, the guides in “John Brown's Tract” 
catch In considerable numbers in rippling shallows, but 
only in October, fish which they call *’frost-fish.” They 
salt them down lightly, and export them as a dainty. 
They are never caught with fly or bait. Further informa¬ 
tion about them is desirable. 
Bead tn Fox River. —A despatch from Appleton, Wis., 
dated March 26[li, says. “Those interested iu piscatorial 
matters will he pleased to learn that shad are being raised 
with success in this part of tlie SLat.e. Six shad, weighing 
about t wo pounds apiece, were caught iu Fox river, just • 
above Ibis city, on yesterday. Iu 1873, 31 ) 0,000 spawn wore 
put in the river by the State fish commissioners, audspor ts* 
men anticipate lively times in a few years. 
