INTRODUCTION. i^9 



largely represented in eastern Hundes, and to which probably a middie 

 tertiary age must be assigned." 



Mr. Griesbach considered the light grey and white lime- 

 stones occurring near the Balchdhura pass to be a higher division 

 of the cretaceous series, equivalent to Stoliczka's Chikkim 

 limestone. 



The ground was again visited by the expedition of 1892. On 

 their way to Chirchun, the three geologists passed through the Kio- 

 garh valley, but being still unaware of the complicated structure of 

 the neighbouring Chirchun area, they shared the view originally ex- 

 pressed by Griesbach with respect to the light grey limestones of the 

 Kiogarh peaks. Subsequently, suspecting that these limestones might 

 possibly represent exotic blocks they revisited Malla Johar. Their 

 doubts were justified, for Mr. Griesbach discovered near Talla 

 Sangcha E.G. 1 a loose block of a red and white limestone with Jovites 

 n. f. ex afi. J. bosnensis,E. v. Mojs., which, according to MojsisovicSj 

 proves the block to belong to the carnic stage of the upper trias. 



Diener gave a short description of the neighbourhood of Malla 

 Sangcha, which is in extract as follows: — 



The base of the most western limestone peak is made up of 

 Gieumal sandstones which show a very complicated dip and are pene- 

 trated by numerous veins of intrusive rocks. In the upper portion 

 of the mountain these igneous rocks and the "tufa" associated with 

 them predominate. The limestone mass itself rests entirely on beds 

 ef a clearly igneous character, without coming into contact with the 

 sandstone formation. 



The highest "crag" forms a steep scarp and is likewise traversed 

 by veins of a diabase porphyrite. The limestone is of a white and 

 reddish white colour without any distinct stratification, semicrystalline 

 and partially altered, especially so where surrounded by intrusions of 

 igneous rocks. No fossils were found in situ in the limestone. The 

 block with Jovites found by Mr. Griesbach is a red marble, apparently 

 detached from the main mass of the limestone peak and exactly similar 

 1 E. G. throughout this paper stands for " encamping ground." 



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