146 Z. KRAFFT '• EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR. 



Pertno-carboniferotis. — As ""regards this system, there is no 

 sequence of beds known in the Himalayas which could be compared 

 either palseontologically or lithologically with the red and white 

 limestones of the exotic blocks. In most of the sections of the 

 younger palaeozoics of the Himalayas there is a marked unconformity 

 at the base of the Permian Productus shales, 1 and this would lead to the 

 conclusion that the permo-carboniferous is wanting. There is only 

 one section known in which the gap appears to the filled up (Lio 

 in Spiti), but this section has not yet been worked out in full detail. 

 But even supposing faunistical equivalents to the permo-carboniferous 

 should be discovered there, their lithological equivalents are undoubt- 

 edly absent as the series in question consists of conglomerates, sand- 

 stones, shales and grey limestones. 8 



Lower Trias. — The lower trias of the Tibetan series appears to 

 be the exact equivalent to the " horizon of Flemingites rohilla " 3 of 

 the Himalayan series. There appear to be certain faunistical pecu- 

 liarities, but as far as I can judge they are of no great importance. 

 Lithologically, however, there is a very marked difference, the horizon 

 D eing in the Himalayan series represented by grey or black limestones 

 with intercalated bands of black shales. 



Lower Muschelkalk. — As regards the lower muschelkalk, the case 

 is much the same as with the lower trias. The fauna, which was 

 describe-! by Diener from red limestone blocks near Peak Chirchun No. 

 1 (Middlemiss crag) occurs in the Central Himalayas in grey lime- 

 stones with Spiriferina stracheyi below the horizon of Ceratites 

 thuillieri> 



-Lad/m'c or lower Carnic stage. — Beds with Daonella indica occur 

 in the Himalayan series in the ladinic stage as well as in the lower 



1 See Griesbach, Mem XXIII, p. 65 ; Hayden, General Report, 1899-1900, 

 p. 187. In Spiti the unconformity occurs at the base of a calcareous sandstone 

 underlying the Productus shales. 



2 Hayden, General Report, 1899-1900, p 188. 



3 This new term I introduced to replace the term " Subrobustus beds," Diener 

 Ceratites subrobustus having been proved to belong to the lower muschelkalk. 



4 General Report, 1S99-1900, p. 205, and 1900-J901, p. 26. 



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