156 KRAFFT: EXOTIC BLOCKS OF MALLA JOHAR. 



On the whole the beds dip towards the high plateau but are in 

 many places folded and faulted. A beautiful reversed fault is exposed 

 in the deep ravine of the Kiogarh river, near Talla Kiogarh I. E. G., 

 being marked by a strip of red shales (4 a), hemmed in between 

 two masses of Gieumal sandstone. A very complicated structure sets 

 in east of Talla Kiogarh E. G. At the latter locality the sandstone 

 disappears in a steep, almost vertical flexure with a north to south 

 strike. Further east it again comes to the surface, greatly folded, and 

 reaches for some distance up the various branches of the Kiogarh 

 river. On this base of Gieumal sandstone rests the upper flysch. 



Upper Flysch. — We have seen in the preceding chapter that the 

 sequence is but little disturbed in the neighbourhood of the Balchdhura 

 pass. The sketch on PI. 13 shows that in ridges I, II and III no dis- 

 turbances are present beyond the folding of the tuffs (sub-div. 4/) and 

 a general incline of the beds towards east and north-east, In ridges 

 IV and V folding sets in in the sandstone (4 e), but the series is com- 

 plete both here and in ridge VI. Ridge VII is a disturbed, incomplete 

 flysch section. On the shales (4 b) the igneous rocks follow imme- 

 diately. The higher flysch beds are wanting. Passing to the south- 

 west side of the Kiogarh plateau we find much the same feature as on 

 ridge VII. Nowhere is the upper flysch series complete. As a rule 

 the youngest sub-division visible is formed by the shales and flaggy 

 limestones (4 b), but occasionally the brown sandstones (4 c) are met 

 with. Small outcrops of the tuffs (4/) occur in some places but never 

 in a normal position. As a rule they project from the black shales 

 (46). No traces of the hard shales {4 d) nor of the sandstones with 

 fucoids (4 e) are seen. The latter reappear however in great force on 

 the Kiogarh.-Clialdu pass. 



Black shales form the chief component of the ridges descending 

 from the Kiogarh plateau towards south-west. For this reason the 

 structure is difficult and often impossible to unravel. Unfortunately 

 the brown limestones intercalated with them seldom afford any help 

 in this respect, as instead of forming clear outcrops, they weather into 

 debris, producing light brown patches on the black shale ground. 

 ( 30 ) 



