DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. 157 



I must therefore confine myself to mentioning a few discon- 

 nected observations that testify to the fact of intense disturbances 

 having taken place. 



From the passes between Kiogarh No. 1 and No. 2 and Kiogarh 

 No. 2 and No. 3 branches of a small river run down towards south-west 

 to a valley bounded on the north-west and south-east by ridges. The 

 ridge north-west of this valley is composed, as far as the upper 

 flysch is concerned, entirely of the red shales (4a) and the black 

 shales (4b), the latter rich in ferruginous concretions. On these 

 shales follow immediately the igneous rocks, the rest of the upper 

 flysch series being entirely absent. 



On the ridge south-east of the same valley the Gieumal sandstone 

 is overlaid by the red and green shales {4a) and the black shales (4b). 

 Light brown patches, produced by the weathering of the flaggy 

 limestones, appear in several places and seem to indicate that the 

 shales are folded. Higher up the tuffs (4/) appear. These are over- 

 laid by black shales (4^) and these again by tuffs. The latter 

 eventually disappear beneath igneous rocks. 



Between these two ridges, at the base of Kiogarh No. 2, one 

 exposure is as follows : flaggy limestones and shales {4b) are laid into 

 narrow zigzag folds. Above this follows an outcrop of tuffs {4/) 

 covered higher up by debris from Kiogarh No. 2. 



The upper part of the flysch ridge ascending to Kiogarh No. 3 

 from Malla Kiogarh I. E. G. is very similar to the foregoing. It is 

 composed almost entirely of the black shales (4$), but here remains of 

 the sandstones (4c) crop out from among the shales. The latter 

 reach up to the debris that surrounds the base of the peak. 



In the nullah ascending to the Sami pass black shales with brown 

 flaggy limestones (4b) and tuffs (4/ ) are seen folded into each other. 

 The brown sandstones {4c) occur here too, but there is no trace of 

 the sandstones (4*?). Outcrops of tuffs are again met with higher up 

 on either side of the nullah about half a mile south of the pass. The beds 

 are horizontal and are covered below Sami E. G. by volcanics with 

 completely altered limestone blocks. 



Further south-east towards the Kiogarh-Chaldu pass the same 



( 3i ) 



