RESULTS. 169 



and in my opinion is of the permo-carboniferous block type. On one 



side it is bordered by black shales (4^)) on the other side by igneous 

 rocks (5). 



V.-RESULTS. 



In the preceding chapters all but occasional references to the 

 question of the origin of the exotic blocks has been purposely omitted. 

 The subject is one whose complexity deserves a special treatment, 

 which could not be undertaken before the area had been fully described. 



Before proceeding to express my own view, I must deal with the 

 theories applied to the European " Klippen " which are discussed 

 by Diener in connection with the exotic blocks of Tibet and Johar. 

 As, however, none of these holds good in the present case, I do not 

 propose to enter at any length into this subject, and I may be allowed 

 to refer the reader for more detailed information on these theories 

 to Prof. Diener's paper. 



Exotic blocks not due to structural causes. — It will be found that, 

 with the exception of one, all the theories in question, as well as that 

 advanced by Mr. Griesbach, consider the " Klippen " to be the result 

 of one or the other form of structural causes, be it faulting (Griesbach), 

 crushing of anticlines (Neumayer and Studer-Moesch), or overthrusts 

 (recumbent folds) (Bertrand and others). 



One theory (Stache-Uhlig-Renevier) applied to Carpathian and 

 Swiss occurrences, explains the " Klippen " as outcrops of an older series, 

 unconformably overlaid by younger deposits. I need hardly say that 

 in no respect can the latter theory be seriously discussed in connection 

 with the Johar and Chirchun blocks. 



Those which assume structural causes would imply that the exotic 

 blocks were brought into existence by the disturbances which lead to 

 the upheaval of the Himalayas. This, however, is not the case. We 

 have seen that the volcanics, which include the blocks, were folded 

 together with the flysch. From this we can only conclude that the 

 volcanics and consequently also the exotic blocks were pre-existent to 



( 43 ) 



